• AD 60 – The earliest date for which the day of the week is known. A graffito in Pompeii identifies this day as a dies Solis (Sunday). In modern reckoning, this date would have been a Wednesday.
• 1579 – The Archdiocese of Manila was made a diocese by a papal bull with Domingo de Salazar being its first bishop.
• 1649 – The claimant King Charles II of England and Scotland is declared King of Great Britain, by the Parliament of Scotland. This move was not followed by the Parliament of England nor the Parliament of Ireland.
• 1685 – James II of England and VII of Scotland becomes King upon the death of his brother Charles II.
• 1778 – American Revolutionary War: In Paris the Treaty of Alliance and the Treaty of Amity and Commerce are signed by the United States and France signaling official recognition of the new republic.
• 1788 – Massachusetts becomes the sixth state to ratify the United States Constitution.
• 1806 – Battle of San Domingo: British naval victory against the French in the Caribbean.
• 1815 – New Jersey grants the first American railroad charter to John Stevens.
• 1819 – Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles founds Singapore.
• 1820 – The first 86 African American immigrants sponsored by the American Colonization Society depart New York to start a settlement in present-day Liberia.
• 1833 – Otto becomes the first modern King of Greece.
• 1840 – Signing of the Treaty of Waitangi, establishing New Zealand as a British colony.
• 1843 – The first minstrel show in the United States, The Virginia Minstrels, opens (Bowery Amphitheatre in New York City).
• 1851 – The largest Australian bushfires in a populous region in recorded history take place in the state of Victoria.
• 1862 – American Civil War: Forces under the command of Ulysses S. Grant and Andrew H. Foote give the Union its first victory of the war, capturing Fort Henry, Tennessee in the Battle of Fort Henry.
• 1899 – Spanish–American War: The Treaty of Paris, a peace treaty between the United States and Spain, is ratified by the United States Senate.
• 1900 – The Permanent Court of Arbitration, an international arbitration court at The Hague, is created when the Senate of the Netherlands ratifies an 1899 peace conference decree.
• 1918 – British women over the age of 30 who meet minumum property qualifications, get the right to vote when Representation of the People Act 1918 is passed by Parliament.
• 1919 – The American Legion is founded.
• 1922 – The Washington Naval Treaty is signed in Washington, D.C., limiting the naval armaments of United States, Britain, Japan, France, and Italy.
• 1934 – Far-right leagues rally in front of the Palais Bourbon in an attempted coup against the French Third Republic, creating a political crisis in France.
• 1951 – The Canadian Army enters combat in the Korean War.
• 1951 – The Broker, a Pennsylvania Railroad passenger train derails near Woodbridge Township, New Jersey. The accident kills 85 people and injures over 500 more. The wreck is one of the worst rail disasters in American history.
• 1952 – Elizabeth II becomes queen regnant of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms upon the death of her father, George VI. At the exact moment of succession, she was in a tree house at the Treetops Hotel in Kenya.
• 1958 – Eight Manchester United F.C. players and 15 other passengers are killed in the Munich air disaster.
• 1959 – Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments files the first patent for an integrated circuit.
• 1959 – At Cape Canaveral, Florida, the first successful test firing of a Titan intercontinental ballistic missile is accomplished.
• 1976 – In testimony before a United States Senate subcommittee, Lockheed Corporation president Carl Kotchian admits that the company had paid out approximately $3 million in bribes to the office of Japanese Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka.
• 1978 – The Blizzard of 1978, one of the worst Nor'easters in New England history, hit the region, with sustained winds of 65 mph and snowfall of four inches an hour.
• 1981 – The National Resistance Army of Uganda launches an attack on a Ugandan Army installation in the central Mubende District to begin the Ugandan Bush War.
• 1987 – Justice Mary Gaudron becomes the first woman to be appointed to the High Court of Australia.
• 1988 – Michael Jordan makes his signature slam dunk from the free throw line inspiring Air Jordan and the Jumpman logo.
• 1989 – The Round Table Talks start in Poland, thus marking the beginning of the overthrow of communism in Eastern Europe.
• 1996 – Willamette Valley Flood: Floods in the Willamette Valley of Oregon, United States, causes over US$500 million in property damage throughout the Pacific Northwest.
• 1996 – Birgenair Flight 301 crashed off the coast of the Dominican Republic, and all 189 people inside the airplane are killed. This is the worst accident/incident involving a Boeing 757.
• 1998 – Washington National Airport is renamed Ronald Reagan National Airport.
• 2000 – Second Chechen War: Russia captures Grozny, Chechnya, forcing the separatist Chechen Republic of Ichkeria government into exile.

Births[edit]

• 885 – Emperor Daigo of Japan (d. 930)
• 1347 – Dorothea of Montau, Prussian saint (d. 1394)
• 1402 – Louis I, Landgrave of Hesse, Landgrave of Hesse (d. 1458)
• 1452 – Joanna, Princess of Portugal (d. 1490)
• 1453 – Girolamo Benivieni, Florentine poet (d. 1542)
• 1465 – Scipione del Ferro, Italian mathematician and theorist (d. 1526)
• 1536 – Sassa Narimasa, Japanese samurai (d. 1588)
• 1577 – Beatrice Cenci, Italian murderer (d. 1599)
• 1582 – Mario Bettinus, Italian mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher (d. 1657)
• 1605 – Bernard of Corleone, Italian saint (d. 1667)
• 1608 – António Vieira, Portuguese priest and philosopher (d. 1697)
• 1611 – Chongzhen Emperor of China (d. 1644)
• 1612 – Antoine Arnauld, French mathematician, theologian, and philosopher (d. 1694)
• 1643 – Johann Kasimir Kolbe von Wartenberg, Prussian politician, 1st Minister President of Prussia (d. 1712)
• 1664 – Mustafa II, Ottoman sultan (d. 1703)
• 1665 – Anne, Queen of Great Britain (d. 1714)
• 1695 – Nicolaus II Bernoulli, Swiss-Russian mathematician and theorist (d. 1726)
• 1719 – Alberto Pullicino, Maltese painter (d. 1759)
• 1726 – Patrick Russell, Scottish surgeon and zoologist (d. 1805)
• 1732 – Charles Lee, English-American general (d. 1782)
• 1736 – Franz Xaver Messerschmidt, German-Austrian sculptor (d. 1783)
• 1744 – Pierre-Joseph Desault, French anatomist and surgeon (d. 1795)
• 1748 – Adam Weishaupt, German philosopher and academic, founded the Illuminati (d. 1830)
• 1753 – Évariste de Parny, French poet and author (d. 1814)
• 1756 – Aaron Burr, American colonel and politician, 3rd Vice President of the United States (d. 1836)
• 1758 – Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, Belarusian-Polish poet, playwright, and politician (d. 1841)
• 1769 – Ludwig von Wallmoden-Gimborn, Austrian general (d. 1862)
• 1772 – George Murray, Scottish general and politician, Secretary of State for War and the Colonies (d. 1830)
• 1778 – Ugo Foscolo, Italian author and poet (d. 1827)
• 1781 – John Keane, 1st Baron Keane, Irish general and politician, Governor of Saint Lucia (d. 1844)
• 1796 – John Stevens Henslow, English botanist and geologist (d. 1861)
• 1797 – Joseph von Radowitz, Prussian general and politician, Foreign Minister of Prussia (d. 1853)
• 1799 – Imre Frivaldszky, Hungarian botanist and entomologist (d. 1870)
• 1800 – Achille Devéria, French painter and lithographer (d. 1857)
• 1802 – Charles Wheatstone, English-French physicist and cryptographer (d. 1875)
• 1811 – Henry Liddell, English priest, author, and academic (d. 1898)
• 1814 – Auguste Chapdelaine, French missionary and saint (d. 1856)
• 1818 – William M. Evarts, American lawyer and politician, 27th United States Secretary of State (d. 1901)
• 1829 – Joseph Auguste Émile Vaudremer, French architect, designed the La Santé Prison and Saint-Pierre-de-Montrouge (d. 1914)
• 1832 – John Brown Gordon, American general and politician, 53rd Governor of Georgia (d. 1904)
• 1833 – José María de Pereda, Spanish author and academic (d. 1906)
• 1833 – J. E. B. Stuart, American general (d. 1864)
• 1834 – Edwin Klebs, German-Swiss pathologist and academic (d. 1913)
• 1834 – Ema Pukšec, Croatian-German soprano (d. 1889)
• 1834 – Wilhelm von Scherff, German general and author (d. 1911)
• 1838 – Henry Irving, English actor and manager (d. 1905)
• 1838 – Israel Meir Kagan, Lithuanian-Polish rabbi and author (d. 1933)
• 1839 – Eduard Hitzig, German neurologist and psychiatrist (d. 1907)
• 1843 – Inoue Kowashi, Japanese scholar and politician (d. 1895)
• 1843 – Frederic William Henry Myers, English poet and philologist, co-founded the Society for Psychical Research (d. 1901)
• 1845 – Isidor Straus, German-American businessman and politician (d. 1912)
• 1847 – Henry Janeway Hardenbergh, American architect, designed the Plaza Hotel (d. 1918)
• 1852 – C. Lloyd Morgan, English zoologist and psychologist (d. 1936)
• 1852 – Vasily Safonov, Russian pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 1918)
• 1861 – Nikolay Zelinsky, Russian chemist and academic (d. 1953)
• 1864 – John Henry Mackay, Scottish-German philosopher and author (d. 1933)
• 1866 – Karl Sapper, German linguist and explorer (d. 1945)
• 1872 – Robert Maillart, Swiss engineer, designed the Salginatobel Bridge and Schwandbach Bridge (d. 1940)
• 1874 – Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura, Indian religious leader, founded the Gaudiya Math (d. 1937)
• 1875 – Leonid Gobyato, Russian general (d. 1915)
• 1876 – Henry Blogg, English fisherman and sailor (d. 1954)
• 1879 – Othon Friesz, French painter (d. 1949)
• 1879 – Magnús Guðmundsson, Icelandic lawyer and politician, 3rd Prime Minister of Iceland (d. 1937)
• 1879 – Edwin Samuel Montagu, English politician, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (d. 1924)
• 1879 – Carl Ramsauer, German physicist and author (d. 1955)
• 1880 – Nishinoumi Kajirō II, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 25th Yokozuna (d. 1931)
• 1884 – Marcel Cohen, French linguist and scholar (d. 1974)
• 1887 – Josef Frings, German cardinal (d. 1978)
• 1890 – Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Pakistani activist and politician (d. 1988)
• 1892 – Maximilian Fretter-Pico, German general (d. 1984)
• 1892 – William P. Murphy, American physician and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1987)
• 1893 – Muhammad Zafarullah Khan, Pakistani politician and diplomat, 1st Minister of Foreign Affairs for Pakistan (d. 1985)
• 1894 – Eric Partridge, New Zealand-English lexicographer and academic (d. 1979)
• 1895 – Robert La Follette Jr., American politician (d. 1953)
• 1895 – María Teresa Vera, Cuban singer, guitarist and composer (d. 1965)
• 1895 – Babe Ruth, American baseball player and coach (d. 1948)
• 1898 – Harry Haywood, American soldier and politician (d. 1985)
• 1899 – Ramon Novarro, Mexican-American actor, singer, and director (d. 1968)
• 1901 – Ben Lyon, American actor (d. 1979)
• 1902 – George Brunies, American trombonist (d. 1974)
• 1903 – Claudio Arrau, Chilean pianist and composer (d. 1991)
• 1905 – Władysław Gomułka, Polish politician (d. 1982)
• 1905 – Jan Werich, Czech actor and playwright (d. 1980)
• 1906 – Joseph Schull, Canadian playwright and historian (d. 1980)
• 1908 – Amintore Fanfani, Italian journalist and politician, 32nd Prime Minister of Italy (d. 1999)
• 1908 – Edward Lansdale, American general and CIA agent (d. 1987)
• 1908 – Geo Bogza, Romanian poet and journalist (d. 1993)
• 1908 – Michael Maltese, American actor, screenwriter, and composer (d. 1981)
• 1910 – Roman Czerniawski, Polish air force officer and spy (d. 1985)
• 1910 – Irmgard Keun, German author (d. 1982)
• 1910 – Carlos Marcello, Tunisian-American gangster (d. 1993)
• 1911 – Ronald Reagan, American actor and politician, 40th President of the United States (d. 2004)
• 1912 – Eva Braun, German wife of Adolf Hitler (d. 1945)
• 1912 – Christopher Hill, English historian and author (d. 2003)
• 1913 – Mary Leakey, English-Kenyan archaeologist and anthropologist (d. 1996)
• 1914 – Thurl Ravenscroft, American voice actor and singer (d. 2005)
• 1915 – Kavi Pradeep, Indian poet and songwriter (d. 1998)
• 1916 – John Crank, English mathematician and physicist (d. 2006)
• 1917 – Louis-Philippe de Grandpré, Canadian lawyer and jurist (d. 2008)
• 1917 – Zsa Zsa Gabor, Hungarian-American actress and socialite (d. 2016)
• 1918 – Lothar-Günther Buchheim, German author and painter (d. 2007)
• 1919 – Takashi Yanase, Japanese poet and illustrator, created Anpanman (d. 2013)
• 1921 – Carl Neumann Degler, American historian and author (d. 2014)
• 1921 – Bob Scott, New Zealand rugby player (d. 2012)
• 1922 – Patrick Macnee, English-American actor and costume designer (d. 2015)
• 1922 – Denis Norden, English actor, screenwriter, and television host
• 1922 – Haskell Wexler, American director, producer, and cinematographer (d. 2015)
• 1923 – Gyula Lóránt, Hungarian footballer and manager (d. 1981)
• 1924 – Billy Wright, English footballer and manager (d. 1994)
• 1924 – Jin Yong, Hong Kong author and publisher, founded Ming Pao
• 1925 – Walker Edmiston, American actor and puppeteer (d. 2007)
• 1927 – Gerard K. O'Neill, American physicist and astronomer (d. 1992)
• 1928 – Allan H. Meltzer, American economist and academic (d. 2017)
• 1929 – Colin Murdoch, New Zealand pharmacist and veterinarian, invented the tranquilliser gun (d. 2008)
• 1929 – Oscar Sambrano Urdaneta, Venezuelan author and critic (d. 2011)
• 1929 – Valentin Yanin, Russian historian and author
• 1930 – Jun Kondo, Japanese physicist and academic
• 1931 – Rip Torn, American actor
• 1931 – Fred Trueman, English cricketer (d. 2006)
• 1931 – Ricardo Vidal, Filipino cardinal (d. 2017)
• 1932 – Camilo Cienfuegos, Cuban soldier and anarchist (d. 1959)
• 1932 – François Truffaut, French actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1984)
• 1933 – Leslie Crowther, English comedian, actor, and game show host (d. 1996)
• 1936 – Kent Douglas, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (d. 2009)
• 1938 – Fred Mifflin, Canadian admiral and politician, 19th Minister of Veterans Affairs (d. 2013)
• 1939 – Jean Beaudin, Canadian director and screenwriter
• 1939 – Mike Farrell, American actor, director, and producer
• 1939 – Jair Rodrigues, Brazilian singer (d. 2014)
• 1940 – Tom Brokaw, American journalist and author
• 1940 – Petr Hájek, Czech mathematician and academic
• 1940 – Jimmy Tarbuck, English comedian and actor
• 1941 – Stephen Albert, American pianist and composer (d. 1992)
• 1941 – Dave Berry, English pop singer
• 1941 – Gigi Perreau, American actress and director
• 1942 – Sarah Brady, American activist and author (d. 2015)
• 1942 – Charlie Coles, American basketball player and coach (d. 2013)
• 1942 – Ahmad-Jabir Ahmadov Ismail oghlu, Azerbaijani philosopher and academic
• 1942 – James Loewen, American sociologist and historian
• 1942 – Tommy Roberts, English fashion designer (d. 2012)
• 1943 – Fabian Forte, American pop singer and actor
• 1943 – Gayle Hunnicutt, American actress
• 1944 – Christine Boutin, French politician, French Minister of Housing and Urban Development
• 1944 – Willie Tee, American singer-songwriter, keyboard player, and producer (d. 2007)
• 1944 – Michael Tucker, American actor and producer
• 1945 – Bob Marley, Jamaican singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1981)
• 1946 – Richie Hayward, American drummer and songwriter (d. 2010)
• 1946 – Kate McGarrigle, Canadian musician and singer-songwriter (d. 2010)
• 1946 – Jim Turner, American captain and politician
• 1947 – Bill Staines, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
• 1949 – Mike Batt, English singer-songwriter and producer
• 1949 – Manuel Orantes, Spanish tennis player
• 1949 – Jim Sheridan, Irish director, producer, and screenwriter
• 1950 – Natalie Cole, American singer-songwriter and actress (d. 2015)
• 1950 – Timothy M. Dolan, American cardinal
• 1950 – Punky Meadows, American rock guitarist and songwriter
• 1952 – Ric Charlesworth, Australian cricketer, coach, and politician
• 1952 – Viktor Giacobbo, Swiss actor, producer, and screenwriter
• 1952 – Ricardo La Volpe, Argentinian footballer, manager, and coach
• 1955 – Avram Grant, Israeli football manager
• 1955 – Michael Pollan, American journalist, author, and academic
• 1955 – Bruno Stolorz, French rugby player and coach
• 1956 – Jerry Marotta, American drummer
• 1957 – Andres Lipstok, Estonian economist and politician, Estonian Minister of Economic Affairs
• 1957 – Kathy Najimy, American actress and comedian
• 1957 – Simon Phillips, English drummer and producer
• 1957 – Robert Townsend, American actor and director
• 1958 – Cecily Adams, American actress and casting director (d. 2004)
• 1958 – Tim Dakin, English bishop and missionary
• 1960 – Jeremy Bowen, Welsh journalist
• 1960 – Megan Gallagher, American actress
• 1961 – Cam Cameron, American football player and coach
• 1961 – Bill Lester, American race car driver
• 1961 – Yury Onufriyenko, Ukrainian-Russian colonel, pilot, and astronaut
• 1962 – Stavros Lambrinidis, Greek lawyer and politician, Minister of Foreign Affairs for Greece
• 1962 – Axl Rose, American singer-songwriter and producer
• 1963 – David Capel, English cricketer
• 1963 – Scott Gordon, American ice hockey player and coach
• 1963 – Quentin Letts, English journalist and critic
• 1964 – Laurent Cabannes, French rugby player
• 1964 – Gordon Downie, Canadian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor (d. 2017)
• 1964 – Colin Miller, Australian cricketer and sportscaster
• 1964 – Andrey Zvyagintsev, Russian actor and director
• 1965 – Jan Svěrák, Czech actor, director, and screenwriter
• 1966 – Rick Astley, English singer-songwriter
• 1967 – Anita Cochran, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
• 1967 – Izumi Sakai, Japanese singer-songwriter (d. 2007)
• 1968 – Adolfo Valencia, Colombian footballer
• 1968 – Akira Yamaoka, Japanese composer and producer
• 1969 – David Hayter, American actor and screenwriter
• 1969 – Masaharu Fukuyama, Japanese singer-songwriter, producer, and actor
• 1969 – Tim Sherwood, English footballer and manager
• 1969 – Bob Wickman, American baseball player
• 1970 – Per Frandsen, Danish footballer and manager
• 1970 – Tim Herron, American golfer
• 1971 – Brad Hogg, Australian cricketer
• 1971 – Carlos Rogers, American basketball player
• 1972 – Stefano Bettarini, Italian footballer
• 1972 – David Binn, American football player
• 1974 – Aljo Bendijo, Filipino journalist
• 1974 – Ed Chamberlin, English broadcaster
• 1975 – Chad Allen, American baseball player and coach
• 1975 – Orkut Büyükkökten, Turkish computer scientist and engineer, created Orkut
• 1975 – Tomoko Kawase, Japanese singer-songwriter and producer
• 1976 – Tanja Frieden, Swiss snowboarder and educator
• 1976 – Kim Zmeskal, American gymnast and coach
• 1977 – Jason Euell, English footballer and coach
• 1977 – Josh Stewart, American actor
• 1978 – Yael Naim, French-Israeli singer-songwriter
• 1979 – Dan Bălan, Moldovan singer-songwriter and producer
• 1980 – Kerry Jeremy, Antiguan cricketer
• 1980 – Kim Poirier, Canadian actress, singer, and producer
• 1980 – Luke Ravenstahl, American politician, 58th Mayor of Pittsburgh
• 1981 – Ricky Barnes, American golfer
• 1981 – Calum Best, American-English model and actor
• 1981 – Shim Eun-jin, South Korean singer and actress
• 1981 – Alison Haislip, American actress and producer
• 1981 – Jens Lekman, Swedish singer-songwriter and guitarist
• 1981 – Ty Warren, American football player
• 1982 – Tank, Taiwanese singer-songwriter
• 1982 – Alice Eve, English actress
• 1982 – Elise Ray, American gymnast
• 1983 – Melrose Bickerstaff, American model and fashion designer
• 1983 – Brodie Croyle, American football player
• 1983 – Dimas Delgado, Spanish footballer
• 1983 – S. Sreesanth, Indian cricketer
• 1983 – Jamie Whincup, Australian race car driver
• 1984 – Darren Bent, English footballer
• 1984 – Piret Järvis, Estonian singer-songwriter and guitarist
• 1984 – Antoine Wright, American basketball player
• 1985 – Ben Creagh, Australian rugby league player
• 1985 – Kris Humphries, American basketball player
• 1986 – Dane DeHaan, American actor
• 1988 – Bailey Hanks, American actress, singer, and dancer
• 1989 – Craig Cathcart, Northern Irish footballer
• 1989 – Jonny Flynn, American basketball player
• 1990 – Adam Henrique, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1990 – Jermaine Kearse, American football player
• 1990 – Aida Rybalko, Lithuanian figure skater
• 1991 – Tobias Eisenbauer, Austrian ice dancer
• 1991 – Ida Njåtun, Norwegian speed skater
• 1991 – Eva Wacanno, Dutch tennis player
• 1991 – Fei Yu, Chinese footballer
• 1992 – Víctor Mañón, Mexican footballer
• 1993 – Teresa Scanlan, Miss America 2011
• 1993 – Tinashe, American singer-songwriter, dancer, and actress
• 1994 – Charlie Heaton, British actor and musician
• 1995 – Sam McQueen, English footballer
• 1995 – Leon Goretzka, German footballer
• 1996 – Justina Mikulskytė, Lithuanian tennis player

Deaths[edit]

• 743 – Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, Umayyad caliph (b. 691)
• 797 – Donnchad Midi, Irish king (b. 733)
• 891 – Photios I of Constantinople (b. 810)
• 1140 – Thurstan, Archbishop of York
• 1155 – King Sigurd II of Norway (b. 1133)
• 1215 – Hōjō Tokimasa, Japanese shikken of the Kamakura bakufu (b. 1138)
• 1378 – Joanna of Bourbon (b. 1338)
• 1411 – Esau de' Buondelmonti, ruler of Epirus
• 1497 – Johannes Ockeghem, Flemish composer and educator (b. 1410)
• 1515 – Aldus Manutius, Italian publisher, founded the Aldine Press (b. 1449)
• 1519 – Lorenz von Bibra, Prince-Bishop of the Bishopric of Würzburg (b. 1459)
• 1539 – John III, Duke of Cleves (b. 1491)
• 1585 – Edmund Plowden, English lawyer and scholar (b. 1518)
• 1593 – Jacques Amyot, French author and translator (b. 1513)
• 1593 – Emperor Ōgimachi of Japan (b. 1517)
• 1597 – Franciscus Patricius, Italian philosopher and scientist (b. 1529)
• 1612 – Christopher Clavius, German mathematician and astronomer (b. 1538)
• 1617 – Prospero Alpini, Italian physician and botanist (b. 1553)
• 1625 – Philipp Julius, Duke of Pomerania (b. 1584)
• 1685 – Charles II of England (b. 1630)
• 1695 – Ahmed II, Ottoman sultan (b. 1643)
• 1740 – Pope Clement XII (b. 1652)
• 1775 – William Dowdeswell, English politician, Chancellor of the Exchequer (b. 1721)
• 1783 – Capability Brown, English gardener and architect (b. 1716)
• 1793 – Carlo Goldoni, Italian-French playwright (b. 1707)
• 1804 – Joseph Priestley, English chemist and theologian (b. 1733)
• 1806 – Thomas-Alexandre Dumas, Haitian-French general (b. 1762)
• 1807 – John Reid, Scottish general (b. 1721)
• 1833 – Pierre André Latreille, French zoologist and entomologist (b. 1762)
• 1834 – Richard Lemon Lander, English explorer (b. 1804)
• 1865 – Isabella Beeton, English author of Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management (b. 1836)
• 1899 – Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (b. 1874)
• 1899 – Leo von Caprivi, German general and politician, Chancellor of Germany (b. 1831)
• 1916 – Rubén Darío, Nicaraguan poet, journalist, and diplomat (b. 1867)
• 1918 – Gustav Klimt, Austrian painter and illustrator (b. 1862)
• 1929 – Maria Christina of Austria (b. 1858)
• 1931 – Motilal Nehru, Indian lawyer and politician, President of the Indian National Congress (b. 1861)
• 1938 – Marianne von Werefkin, Russian-Swiss painter (b. 1860)
• 1942 – Jaan Soots, Estonian general and politician, 7th Estonian Minister of War (b. 1880)
• 1951 – Gabby Street, American baseball player, coach, and manager (b. 1882)
• 1952 – George VI of the United Kingdom (b. 1895)
• 1958 – victims of the Munich air disaster
  • – Geoff Bent, English footballer (b. 1932)
  • – Roger Byrne, English footballer (b. 1929)
  • – Eddie Colman, English footballer (b. 1936)
  • – Walter Crickmer, English footballer and manager (b. 1900)
  • – Mark Jones, English footballer (b. 1933)
  • – David Pegg, English footballer (b. 1935)
  • – Frank Swift, English footballer and journalist (b. 1913)
  • – Tommy Taylor, English footballer (b. 1932)
• 1963 – Piero Manzoni, Italian painter and sculptor (b. 1933)
• 1964 – Emilio Aguinaldo, Filipino general and politician, 1st President of the Philippines (b. 1869)
• 1967 – Martine Carol, French actress (b. 1920)
• 1972 – Julian Steward, American anthropologist (b. 1902)
• 1976 – Ritwik Ghatak, Bangladeshi-Indian director and screenwriter (b. 1925)
• 1976 – Vince Guaraldi, American singer-songwriter and pianist (b. 1928)
• 1981 – Hugo Montenegro, American composer and conductor (b. 1925)
• 1982 – Ben Nicholson, British painter (b. 1894)
• 1985 – James Hadley Chase, English-Swiss soldier and author (b. 1906)
• 1986 – Frederick Coutts, Scottish 8th General of The Salvation Army (b. 1899)
• 1986 – Dandy Nichols, English actress (b. 1907)
• 1986 – Minoru Yamasaki, American architect, designed the World Trade Center (b. 1912)
• 1987 – Julien Chouinard, Canadian lawyer and jurist (b. 1929)
• 1989 – Barbara W. Tuchman, American historian and author (b. 1912)
• 1990 – Jimmy Van Heusen, American pianist and composer (b. 1913)
• 1991 – Salvador Luria, Italian biologist and physician, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1912)
• 1991 – Danny Thomas, American actor, producer, and humanitarian (b. 1914)
• 1993 – Arthur Ashe, American tennis player and sportscaster (b. 1943)
• 1994 – Joseph Cotten, American actor (b. 1905)
• 1994 – Jack Kirby, American author and illustrator (b. 1917)
• 1995 – James Merrill, American poet and playwright (b. 1926)
• 1998 – Falco, Austrian pop-rock musician (b. 1957)
• 1999 – Don Dunstan, Australian lawyer and politician, 35th Premier of South Australia (b. 1926)
• 1999 – Jimmy Roberts, American tenor (b. 1924)
• 2000 – Phil Walters, American racing driver (b. 1916)
• 2001 – Filemon Lagman, Filipino theoretician and activist (b. 1953)
• 2002 – Max Perutz, Austrian-English biologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1914)
• 2004 – Gerald Bouey, Canadian lieutenant and economist (b. 1920)
• 2005 – Karl Haas, German-American pianist, conductor, and radio host (b. 1913)
• 2007 – Lew Burdette, American baseball player and coach (b. 1926)
• 2007 – Frankie Laine, American singer-songwriter and actor (b. 1913)
• 2007 – Willye White, American runner and long jumper (b. 1939)
• 2008 – Tony Rolt, English race car driver and engineer (b. 1918)
• 2009 – Philip Carey, American actor (b. 1925)
• 2009 – James Whitmore, American actor (b. 1921)
• 2011 – Gary Moore, Irish singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (b. 1952)
• 2012 – David Rosenhan, American psychologist and academic (b. 1929)
• 2012 – Antoni Tàpies, Spanish painter and sculptor (b. 1923)
• 2012 – Janice E. Voss, American engineer and astronaut (b. 1956)
• 2013 – Chokri Belaid, Tunisian lawyer and politician (b. 1964)
• 2013 – Menachem Elon, German-Israeli academic and jurist (b. 1923)
• 2014 – Vasiľ Biľak, Slovak politician (b. 1917)
• 2014 – Ralph Kiner, American baseball player and sportscaster (b. 1922)
• 2014 – Maxine Kumin, American author and poet (b. 1925)
• 2014 – Vaçe Zela, Albanian-Swiss singer and guitarist (b. 1939)
• 2015 – André Brink, South African author and playwright (b. 1935)
• 2015 – Alan Nunnelee, American lawyer and politician (b. 1958)
• 2015 – Pedro León Zapata, Venezuelan cartoonist (b. 1929)
• 2016 – Dan Gerson, American screenwriter (b. 1966)
• 2016 – Dan Hicks, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1941)
• 2017 – Irwin Corey, American comedian and actor (b. 1914)
• 2017 – Inge Keller, German actress (b. 1923)
• 2017 – Alec McCowen, English actor (b. 1925)
• 2017 – Joost van der Westhuizen, South African rugby union footballer (b. 1971)

Το BBC βρήκε την πιο περίεργη πόλη

 της Ελλάδας και την υμνεί  

Με τίτλο «η παράξενη ομορφιά της πιο περίεργης πόλης

 της Ελλάδας», το BBC εξυμνεί τις ομορφιές της Λέρου και

 συγκεκριμένα μιλά για το Λακκί.

Όπως αναφέρει, υπάρχει μια πόλη στην Ελλάδα που δεν μοιάζει με καμία άλλη.

 Το Λακκί της Λέρου, είναι μοναδικό. Η εκκλησία του, αυστηρή και μινιμαλιστική

 θυμίζει περισσότερο Bauhaus παρά την χαρακτηριστική αρχιτεκτονική των

 υπόλοιπων ελληνικών νησιών. Το σχολείο, με τις ευρύχωρες πόρτες, είναι ένα

 υβρίδιο νεωτεριστικών και βυζαντινών στοιχείων. Ο κινηματογράφος σε στυλ

 art deco μοιάζει να τροφοδοτείται προς τη θάλασσα. Ακριβώς από πίσω του, το

 αίθριο σε σχήμα UFO στρέφεται πάνω από το επιβλητικό πύργο του ρολογιού της

 πόλης, με τα τέσσερα ρολόγια να δείχνουν διαφορετική ώρα.

«Λίγοι άνθρωποι γνωρίζουν την ύπαρξη αυτού του μέρους και όσοι ζουν εδώ 

βλέπουν την πόλη τους με μια δόση σκεπτικισμού» σημειώνει το BBC.

Η προέλευση της πόλης χρονολογείται από τις αρχές του 20ου αιώνα, όταν η Λέρος, 

μαζί με τα υπόλοιπα Δωδεκάνησα, ήταν υπό ιταλική κυριαρχία. Στρατηγικά 

τοποθετημένο και προικισμένο με ένα από τα μεγαλύτερα φυσικά λιμάνια της

 νότιας Ευρώπης, ήταν το μέρος που ο Μουσολίνι αποφάσισε να φιλοξενήσει το

Βασιλικό ιταλικό Πολεμικό Ναυτικό, στα πλαίσια του σχεδίου του για τον έλεγχο 

της ανατολικής Μεσογείου.

Μάλιστα, το 1923 έστειλε δύο αρχιτέκτονες, τον Ροντόλφο Πετράκο και τον

 Αρμάντο Μπερναμπίτι – στη Λέρο για να κατασκευάσουν μια μια πόλη πρότυπο

 στο λιμάνι για την εγκατάσταση χιλιάδων Ιταλών, συμπεριλαμβανομένου του

 στρατιωτικού προσωπικού και των οικογενειών τους. Τότε, ολόκληρος ο κόλπος

 ήταν ένα ακατοίκητο έλος και οι αρχές άρχισαν να γεμίζουν την περιοχή με τόνους 

τσιμέντου που εισάγονταν από την Ιταλία.

Οι δύο αρχιτέκτονες μελέτησαν την περιοχή και άρχισαν να σχεδιάζουν την

 ουτοπική τους πόλη από το μηδέν. Άντλησαν την έμπνευσή τους από τους 

πίνακες του Τζόρτζιο Ντε Κίρικο, τη γεωμετρία των αρχαίων ναών και

 τον αισιόδοξο νεωτερισμό της Αρ Ντεκό. Παντού υπάρχει μια διάχυτη 

αίσθηση παιχνιδιού και ίσως κάποιος παραλογισμός στα σχέδιά τους, σαν να ήταν 

τελικά ελεύθεροι να εκφραστούν χωρίς να νιώθουν την ανάσα του Ντούτσε πάνω

 από το κεφάλι τους. Το αποτέλεσμα είναι ένα από τα πιο τολμηρά και μοναδικά 

πειράματα του 20ού αιώνα στον τομέα της αρχιτεκτονικής και του πολεοδομικού

 σχεδιασμού.

Η πόλη τους θα έδινε προτεραιότητα στην αποτελεσματικότητα και την τάξη,

 προσφέροντας μια αίσθηση ομορφιάς και αρμονίας. Τα σπίτια, μερικά από τα οποία

 έχουν ανακαινιστεί όμορφα, μοιάζουν με χαριτωμένους κυλίνδρους και κύβους 

με ευρύχωρους κήπους. Χτίστηκε ένα τεράστιο νοσοκομείο και κατασκευάστηκαν 

μεγάλες πλατείες και φυτεύτηκαν εκατοντάδες πεύκα και ευκάλυπτοι.

Η πόλη που προέκυψε, και την οποία οι Ιταλοί ονόμασαν Portolago, θεωρείται η

 μόνη πραγματικά ορθολογιστική πόλη έξω από την Ιταλία. «Ενώ οι

 ιταλικές πόλεις ήταν άκαμπτες, μονότονες και αδικαιολόγητα μνημειώδεις», 

γράφει ο Αντώνιος Αντωνιάδης, συγγραφέας του βιβλίου «Ιταλική αρχιτεκτονική

 στα Δωδεκάνησα», «η αρχιτεκτονική στο Λακκί είναι ποικίλη, περιεκτική και με 

φαντασία».

Η Αναστασία Παπαϊωάννου, αρχιτέκτονας που πραγματοποίησε εργασίες

 αναστήλωσης στην πόλη, τονίζει πως «το Λακκί πρέπει να χαρακτηριστεί

 ως μνημείο εθνικής σημασίας. Είναι ένα σπάνιο παράδειγμα μιας πόλης που

 δημιουργήθηκε από το μηδέν, ακολουθώντας το ίδιο στυλ και το ίδιο σχέδιο από

 τους ίδιους αρχιτέκτονες από την αρχή μέχρι το τέλος».

Το 1947, τα Δωδεκάνησα μεταβιβάστηκαν στην Ελλάδα. Το Portolago

 μετονομάστηκε σε Λακκί και η πόλη αφέθηκε σε μεγάλο βαθμό να σαπίσει.

Αντί να αντιπροσωπεύει το όραμα ενός ουτοπικού μέλλοντος, η πόλη συμβόλιζε

 μια ιταλική φασιστική κατοχή, η οποία, στα τελευταία της χρόνια, είχε γίνει όλο 

και πιο καταπιεστική και βάναυση για τους Έλληνες του νησιού. Ξεχασμένο και

 σχεδόν εγκαταλελειμμένο, το Λακκί, άρχισε και πάλι να αναδύεται μετά την

άφιξη της νέας χιλιετίας.

Στην ακμή του, στα τέλη της δεκαετίας του 1930, καταμετρούσε πάνω από

 8.000 ανθρώπους, σήμερα έχει λιγότερους από 2.000 κατοίκους. Τα μεγάλα 

κτίρια και οι δρόμοι επέτρεψαν στην πόλη να γίνει και πάλι ένα εμπορικό κέντρο 

για το νησί, αλλά το βράδυ οι δρόμοι αδειάζουν και η πόλη ησυχάζει. Τα κτίρια,

 σημειώνει το BBC, προκαλούν κάποια θλίψη. Περπατώντας στο Λακκί τη νύχτα,

 νιώθεις σαν να περπατάς σε ένα παλιό σκηνικό ταινίας, αφότου τα φώτα έχουν 

σβήσει και οι ηθοποιοί έχουν επιστρέψει στο σπίτι τους.

Ο Ένζο Μπονάνο, 71 ετών, εγκατέλειψε την Ιταλία και γύρισε μαζί με τη 

γυναίκα του όλη τη Μεσόγειο με ένα γιοτ το 1989 και αφού γύρισαν σε πολλά 

μέρη εγκαταστάθηκαν στη Λέρο το 1998. Από τότε δεν έχουν ξαναφύγει.

Τώρα, διδάσκει ιταλικά σε ένα τοπικό σχολείο και προσπαθεί να κάνει γνωστό 

το Λακκί σε όλο τον κόσμο. «Ο κόσμος πρέπει να μάθει για την πόλη αυτή»

 αναφωνεί.

Ίδρυσε τους Φίλους της Λέρου και εργάζεται για την προώθηση του νησιού

 στο εξωτερικό. Και με τη βοήθεια των ντόπιων προσπαθεί να επιστήσει την

 προσοχή της Unesco και να αναγνωρίσει το Λακκί ως μνημείο Παγκόσμιας

 πολιτιστικής Κληρονομιάς.

Disney και Netflix καλεί ο Παππάς 

στη Θεσσαλονίκη για τη ΔΕΘ 

• Μελίνα Χατζηγεωργίου, Θεατροπαιδαγωγός
• Ειρήνη Ζώη, Θεατροπαιδαγωγός
• Φωτεινή Παπαχαραλάμπους,Ψυχολόγος – Ψυχοδραματίστρια

Μαρκ Βεϊρά: o σεφ 

που σάρωσε χθες τα βραβεία Michelin 

Τα αστέρια Michelin δόθηκαν στους κορυφαίους της

 γαστρονομίας και η η νέα έκδοση του οδηγού παρουσιάστηκε

 το βράδυ της Δευτέρας στο Seine Musicale στο Παρίσι.

Η λίστα του περιλαμβάνει 621 εστιατόρια βραβευμένα με αστέρι Michelin ανά 

τον κόσμο ωστόσο δύο είναι οι μεγάλοι νικητές, ο Κριστόφ Μπακιέ και ο Μαρκ Βεϊρά.

Τα δύο νέα τους εστιατόρια πέρασαν στη λίστα με τα τριάστερα, το La Maison

 Des Bois στο Μανιγκό και το εστιατόριο L'Hotellerie του Christophe Bacquie στο

 Καστελέ.

3 αστέρια για τον Κριστόφ Μπακιέ 

Christophe Bacquie

Ο Christophe Bacquie είναι μετρ των θαλασσινών γεύσεων και το εστιατόριό του 

έχει ήδη αποσπάσει δύο αστέρια.

3 αστέρια στον σεφ Μαρκ Βεϊρά

Άλλοτε προβλήματα οικονομικά και άλλοτε υγείας έκαμψαν αρκετές φορές τον 

Μαρκ Βεϊρά, αλλά αυτός πάντα τα ξεπερνούσε. Στα 67 του χρόνια, 40 από τα οποία

 τα πέρασε μέσα στην κουζίνα, ο Μαρκ Βεϊρά κέρδισε τρία αστέρια Michelin για

 τρίτη φορά, χθες στο Παρίσι.
«Πιστεύω ότι πρέπει να πιάσεις πάτο για να συνειδητοποιήσεις το καλύτερο»

 δήλωσε μετά την ανακοίνωση των τιμητικών διακρίσεων από τον Οδηγό Michelin, 

τη "βίβλο"της γαστρονομίας.

Το ρεστοράν «La Maison des Bois» το οποίο άνοιξε το 2013 και απέσπασε τρία 

αστέρια Michelin χθες, στο Μανιγκό της Άνω Σαβοΐας, στη γη των προγόνων

 του και όπου έκανε τα πρώτα του βήματα, σημαίνει για τον ίδιο κάτι

 παραπάνω από μια επιστροφή στις ρίζες, ένα «ένστικτο επιβίωσης».

Μαρκ Βεϊρά

• 457 – Leo I the Thracian becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
• 987 – Bardas Phokas the Younger and Bardas Skleros, Byzantine generals of the military elite, begin a wide-scale rebellion against Emperor Basil II.
• 1074 – Pandulf IV of Benevento is killed battling the invading Normans at the Battle of Montesarchio.
• 1301 – Edward of Caernarvon (later king Edward II of England) becomes the first English Prince of Wales.
• 1497 – The Bonfire of the Vanities occurs, during which supporters of Girolamo Savonarola burn cosmetics, art, and books in Florence, Italy.
• 1783 – American Revolutionary War: French and Spanish forces lift the Great Siege of Gibraltar.
• 1795 – The 11th Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified.
• 1807 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon finds Bennigsen's Russian forces taking a stand at Eylau. After bitter fighting, the French take the town, but the Russians resume the battle the next day.
• 1812 – The strongest in a series of earthquakes strikes New Madrid, Missouri.
• 1813 – In the action of 7 February 1813 near the Îles de Los, the frigates Aréthuse and Amelia batter each other, but neither can gain the upper hand.
• 1819 – Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles leaves Singapore after just taking it over, leaving it in the hands of William Farquhar.
• 1842 – Battle of Debre Tabor: Ras Ali Alula, Regent of the Emperor of Ethiopia defeats warlord Wube Haile Maryam of Semien.
• 1854 – A law is approved to found the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. Lectures started October 16, 1855.
• 1863 – HMS Orpheus sinks off the coast of Auckland, New Zealand, killing 189.
• 1894 – The Cripple Creek miner's strike, led by the Western Federation of Miners, begins in Cripple Creek, Colorado.
• 1898 – Dreyfus affair: Émile Zola is brought to trial for libel for publishing J'accuse.
• 1900 – Second Boer War: British troops fail in their third attempt to lift the Siege of Ladysmith.
• 1904 – A fire in Baltimore, Maryland destroys over 1,500 buildings in 30 hours.
• 1907 – The Mud March is the first large procession organized by the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS).
• 1940 – The second full-length animated Walt Disney film, Pinocchio, premieres.
• 1943 – World War II: Imperial Japanese Navy forces complete the evacuation of Imperial Japanese Army troops from Guadalcanal during Operation Ke, ending Japanese attempts to retake the island from Allied forces in the Guadalcanal Campaign.
• 1944 – World War II: In Anzio, Italy, German forces launch a counteroffensive during the Allied Operation Shingle.
• 1951 – Korean War: More than 700 suspected communist sympathizers are massacred by South Korean forces.
• 1962 – The United States bans all Cuban imports and exports.
• 1974 – Grenada gains independence from the United Kingdom.
• 1979 – Pluto moves inside Neptune's orbit for the first time since either was discovered.
• 1984 – Space Shuttle program: STS-41-B Mission: Astronauts Bruce McCandless II and Robert L. Stewart make the first untethered space walk using the Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU).
• 1986 – Twenty-eight years of one-family rule end in Haiti, when President Jean-Claude Duvalier flees the Caribbean nation.
• 1990 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: The Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party agrees to give up its monopoly on power.
• 1991 – Haiti's first democratically elected president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, is sworn in.
• 1991 – The Troubles: The Provisional IRA launched a mortar attack on 10 Downing Street in London, the headquarters of the British government.
• 1992 – The Maastricht Treaty is signed, leading to the creation of the European Union.
• 1995 – Ramzi Yousef, the mastermind of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, is arrested in Islamabad, Pakistan.
• 1997 – NeXT merges with Apple Computer, starting the path to Mac OS X.
• 1999 – Crown Prince Abdullah becomes the King of Jordan on the death of his father, King Hussein.
• 2009 – Bushfires in Victoria leave 173 dead in the worst natural disaster in Australia's history.
• 2012 – President Mohamed Nasheed of the Republic of Maldives resigns, after 23 days of anti-governmental protests calling for the release of Chief Judge unlawfully arrested by the military.
• 2013 – The U.S. state of Mississippi officially certifies the Thirteenth Amendment, becoming the last state to approve the abolition of slavery. The Thirteenth Amendment was formally ratified by Mississippi in 1995.
• 2016 – North Korea launches Kwangmyŏngsŏng-4 into outer space violating multiple UN treaties and prompting condemnation from around the world.

Births[edit]

• 574 – Prince Shōtoku of Japan (d. 622)
• 1102 – Empress Matilda, Holy Roman Empress and claimant to the English throne (d. 1167)
• 1478 – Thomas More, English lawyer and politician, Lord Chancellor of the United Kingdom (d. 1535)
• 1487 – Queen Dangyeong, Korean royal consort (d. 1557)
• 1500 – João de Castro, viceroy of Portuguese India (d. 1548)
• 1612 – Thomas Killigrew, English playwright and manager (d. 1683)
• 1622 – Vittoria della Rovere, Italian noble (d. 1694)
• 1693 – Empress Anna of Russia (d. 1740)
• 1726 – Margaret Fownes-Luttrell, English painter (d. 1766)
• 1741 – Henry Fuseli, Swiss-English painter and academic (d. 1825)
• 1758 – Benedikt Schack, Czech tenor and composer (d. 1826)
• 1768 – Antoine-Athanase Royer-Collard, French physician (d. 1825)
• 1804 – John Deere, American blacksmith and businessman, founded Deere & Company (d. 1886)
• 1812 – Charles Dickens, English Novelist and critic (d. 1870)
• 1825 – Karl Möbius, German zoologist and ecologist (d. 1908)
• 1834 -- Alfred-Philibert Aldrophe, French architect (d. 1895)
• 1837 – James Murray, Scottish lexicographer and philologist (d. 1915)
• 1842 – Alexandre Ribot, French academic and politician, Prime Minister of France (d. 1923)
• 1864 – Arthur Collins, American baritone singer (d. 1933)
• 1867 – Laura Ingalls Wilder, American author (d. 1957)
• 1870 – Alfred Adler, Austrian-Scottish psychologist and therapist (d. 1937)
• 1871 – Wilhelm Stenhammar, Swedish pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 1927)
• 1873 – Thomas Andrews, Irish shipbuilder and businessman, designed the RMS Titanic (d. 1912)
• 1877 – G. H. Hardy, English mathematician and geneticist (d. 1947)
• 1878 – Ossip Gabrilowitsch, Russian-American pianist and conductor (d. 1936)
• 1885 – Sinclair Lewis, American novelist, short-story writer, and playwright, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1951)
• 1885 – Hugo Sperrle, German field marshal (d. 1953)
• 1887 – Eubie Blake, American pianist and composer (d. 1983)
• 1889 – Harry Nyquist, Swedish-American engineer and theorist (d. 1976)
• 1893 – Joseph Algernon Pearce, Canadian astrophysicist and astronomer (d. 1988)
• 1895 – Anita Stewart, American actress (d. 1961)
• 1898 – Dock Boggs, American folk singer-songwriter and banjo player (d. 1971)
• 1901 – Arnold Nordmeyer, New Zealand minister and politician, 30th New Zealand Minister of Finance (d. 1989)
• 1904 – Ernest E. Debs, American politician, California State Assembly member, Los Angeles city councilman, and a member of the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors (d. 2002)
• 1905 – Paul Nizan, French philosopher and author (d. 1940)
• 1905 – Ulf von Euler, Swedish physiologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1983)
• 1906 – Puyi, Chinese emperor (d. 1967)
• 1906 – Oleg Konstantinovich Antonov, Russian engineer, founded the Antonov Aircraft Company (d. 1984)
• 1908 – Buster Crabbe, American swimmer and actor (d. 1983)
• 1908 – Manmath Nath Gupta, Indian journalist and author (d. 2000)
• 1909 – Hélder Câmara, Brazilian archbishop (d. 1999)
• 1909 – Amedeo Guillet, Italian soldier (d. 2010)
• 1912 – Russell Drysdale, English-Australian painter (d. 1981)
• 1915 – Teoctist Arăpașu, Romanian patriarch (d. 2007)
• 1915 – Eddie Bracken, American actor and singer (d. 2002)
• 1916 – Frank Hyde, Australian rugby player, coach, and sportscaster (d. 2007)
• 1919 – Jock Mahoney, American actor and stuntman (d. 1989)
• 1919 – Desmond Doss, American army corporal and combat medic, Medal of Honor recipient (d. 2006)
• 1920 – Oscar Brand, Canadian-American singer-songwriter and author (d. 2016)
• 1920 – An Wang, Chinese-American engineer and businessman, founded Wang Laboratories (d. 1990)
• 1921 – Athol Rowan, South African cricketer (d. 1998)
• 1922 – Hattie Jacques, English actress (d. 1980)
• 1923 – Dora Bryan, English actress and restaurateur (d. 2014)
• 1925 – Hans Schmidt, Canadian wrestler (d. 2012)
• 1926 – Konstantin Feoktistov, Russian engineer and astronaut (d. 2009)
• 1926 – Bill Hoest, American cartoonist (d. 1988)
• 1927 – Juliette Gréco, French singer and actress
• 1927 – Vladimir Kuts, Ukrainian-Russian runner and coach (d. 1975)
• 1928 – Lincoln D. Faurer, American general (d. 2014)
• 1932 – Gay Talese, American journalist and memoirist
• 1932 – Alfred Worden, American colonel, pilot, and astronaut
• 1933 – K. N. Choksy, Sri Lankan lawyer and politician, Sri Lankan Minister of Finance (d. 2015)
• 1934 – Eddie Fenech Adami, Maltese lawyer and politician, 7th President of Malta
• 1934 – King Curtis, American saxophonist and producer (d. 1971)
• 1934 – Earl King, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (d. 2003)
• 1935 – Herb Kohl, American businessman and politician
• 1935 – Jörg Schneider, Swiss actor and author (d. 2015)
• 1936 – Jas Gawronski, Italian journalist and politician
• 1937 – Peter Jay, English economist, journalist, and diplomat, British Ambassador to the United States
• 1937 – Juan Pizarro, Puerto Rican baseball player
• 1940 – Tony Tan, Singaporean academic and politician, 7th President of Singapore
• 1941 – Kevin Crossley-Holland, English author and poet
• 1943 – Eric Foner, American historian, author, and academic
• 1943 – Gareth Hunt, English actor (d. 2007)
• 1945 – Gerald Davies, Welsh rugby player and journalist
• 1946 – Héctor Babenco, Argentinian-Brazilian director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2016)
• 1946 – Sammy Johns, American country music singer-songwriter (d. 2013)
• 1946 – Pete Postlethwaite, English actor (d. 2011)
• 1946 – Gérard Jean-Juste, Haitian priest and activist (d. 2009)
• 1948 – Jimmy Greenspoon, American singer-songwriter and keyboard player (d. 2015)
• 1949 – Jacques Duchesneau, Canadian police officer and politician
• 1949 – Joe English, American drummer and songwriter
• 1949 – Alan Lancaster, English bass player and songwriter
• 1950 – Karen Joy Fowler, American author
• 1953 – Dan Quisenberry, American baseball player and poet (d. 1998)
• 1954 – Dieter Bohlen German singer-songwriter and producer
• 1955 – Rolf Benirschke, American football player and game show host
• 1955 – Miguel Ferrer, American actor and director (d. 2017)
• 1956 – Mark St. John, American guitarist (d. 2007)
• 1957 – Carney Lansford, American baseball player and coach
• 1958 – Giuseppe Baresi, Italian footballer and manager
• 1958 – Terry Marsh, English boxer and politician
• 1958 – Matt Ridley, English journalist, author, and politician
• 1959 – Mick McCarthy, English footballer, manager, and sportscaster
• 1960 – Robert Smigel, American actor, producer, and screenwriter
• 1960 – James Spader, American actor and producer
• 1962 – Garth Brooks, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
• 1962 – David Bryan, American keyboard player and songwriter
• 1962 – Eddie Izzard, English comedian, actor, and producer
• 1963 – Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper, American Naval officer and astronaut
• 1964 – Ashok Banker, Indian journalist, author, and screenwriter
• 1965 – Chris Rock, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter
• 1966 – Kristin Otto, German swimmer
• 1968 – Peter Bondra, Ukrainian-Slovak ice hockey player and manager
• 1968 – Sully Erna, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
• 1968 – Mark Tewksbury, Canadian swimmer and sportscaster
• 1971 – Anita Tsoy, Russian singer-songwriter
• 1972 – Robyn Lively, American actress
• 1973 – Juwan Howard, American basketball player and coach
• 1974 – J Dilla, American rapper and producer (d. 2006)
• 1974 – Nujabes, Japanese record producer, DJ, composer and arranger (d. 2010)
• 1974 – Danny Goffey, English singer-songwriter and drummer
• 1974 – Steve Nash, South African-Canadian basketball player
• 1975 – Wes Borland, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
• 1975 – Alexandre Daigle, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1975 – Rémi Gaillard, French comedian and actor
• 1976 – Chito Miranda, Filipino singer-songwriter
• 1977 – Tsuneyasu Miyamoto, Japanese footballer
• 1978 – David Aebischer, Swiss ice hockey player
• 1978 – Endy Chávez, Venezuelan baseball player
• 1978 – Ashton Kutcher, American model, actor, producer, and entrepreneur
• 1978 – Daniel Van Buyten, Belgian football player
• 1979 – Daniel Bierofka, German footballer and coach
• 1979 – Tawakkol Karman, Yemeni journalist and activist, Nobel Prize laureate
• 1981 – Darcy Dolce Neto, Brazilian footballer
• 1981 – Lee Ok-sung, South Korean boxer
• 1982 – Osamu Mukai, Japanese actor
• 1982 – Mickaël Piétrus, French basketball player
• 1983 – Sho Kamogawa, Japanese footballer
• 1983 – Christian Klien, Austrian race car driver
• 1983 – Federico Marchetti, Italian footballer
• 1984 – Trey Hardee, American decathlete
• 1985 – Tina Majorino, American actress
• 1985 – Devis Nossa, Italian footballer
• 1988 – Albin Hodža, French footballer
• 1988 – Ai Kago, Japanese singer and actress
• 1988 – Matthew Stafford, American football player
• 1989 – Nick Calathes, Greek basketball player
• 1989 – Jake Granville, Australian rugby league player
• 1989 – Elia Viviani, Italian cyclist
• 1989 – Isaiah Thomas, American basketball player
• 1990 – Neil Etheridge, English-Filipino footballer
• 1990 – Gianluca Lapadula, Italian footballer
• 1990 – Steven Stamkos, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1990 – Jacksepticeye, Irish internet personality
• 1991 – Ryan O'Reilly, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1991 – Zhou Yimiao, Chinese tennis player
• 1992 – Sergi Roberto, Spanish footballer
• 1992 – Ksenia Stolbova, Russian figure skater
• 1992 – Maimi Yajima, Japanese singer and actress
• 1993 – Diego Laxalt, Uruguayan footballer
• 1993 – Chris Mears, English diver and musician
• 1994 – Nathan Walker, Welsh-Australian ice hockey player
• 1995 – Roberto Osuna, Mexican baseball player
• 1995 – Shani Tarashaj, Swiss footballer
• 1996 – Alessandro Mastalli, Italian footballer
• 1997 – Anhelina Kalinina, Ukrainian tennis player
• 1997 – Nicolò Barella, Italian footballer
• 1997 – Saquon Barkley, American football player
• 1999 – Bea Miller, American singer-songwriter and actress

Deaths[edit]

• 318 – Jin Mindi, emperor of the Jin Dynasty (b. 300)
• 590 – Pope Pelagius II (b. 520)
• 812 – Li Ning, Chinese prince (b. 793)
• 999 – Boleslaus II the Pious, Duke of Bohemia (b. 932)
• 1045 – Emperor Go-Suzaku of Japan (b. 1009)
• 1065 – Siegfried I, Count of Sponheim (b. c. 1010)
• 1127 – Ava, German poet (b. 1060)
• 1165 – Marshal Stephen of Armenia
• 1259 – Thomas, Count of Flanders
• 1317 – Robert, Count of Clermont (b. 1256)
• 1320 – Jan Muskata, Bishop of Kraków (b. 1250)
• 1333 – Nikko, Japanese priest, founder of Nichiren Shoshu Buddhism (b. 1246)
• 1520 – Alfonsina de' Medici, Regent of Florence (b. 1472)
• 1560 – Bartolommeo Bandinelli, Florentine sculptor (b. 1493)
• 1603 – Bartholomäus Sastrow, German politician (b. 1520)
• 1626 – William V, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1548)
• 1642 – William Bedell, English bishop and academic (b. 1571)
• 1693 – Paul Pellisson, French lawyer and author (b. 1624)
• 1736 – Stephen Gray, English astronomer and physicist (b. 1666)
• 1779 – William Boyce, English organist and composer (b. 1711)
• 1799 – Qianlong Emperor of China (b. 1711)
• 1801 – Daniel Chodowiecki, Polish-German painter and academic (b. 1726)
• 1819 – August Wilhelm Hupel, German-Estonian linguist and author (b. 1737)
• 1823 – Ann Radcliffe, English author (b. 1764)
• 1837 – Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden (b. 1778)
• 1862 – Francisco de Paula Martínez de la Rosa y Berdejo, Spanish playwright and politician, Prime Minister of Spain (b. 1787)
• 1864 – Vuk Karadžić, Serbian philologist and linguist (b. 1787)
• 1871 – Henry E. Steinway, German-American businessman, founded Steinway & Sons (b. 1797)
• 1873 – Sheridan Le Fanu, Irish author (b. 1814)
• 1878 – Pope Pius IX (b. 1792)
• 1891 – Marie Louise Andrews, American story writer and journalist (b. 1849)
• 1897 – Galileo Ferraris, Italian physicist and engineer (b. 1847)
• 1919 – William Halford, English-American lieutenant, Medal of Honor recipient (b. 1841)
• 1920 – Alexander Kolchak, Russian admiral and explorer (b. 1874)
• 1920 – Charles Langelier, Canadian journalist, judge, and politician (b. 1850)
• 1921 – John J. Gardner, American politician (b. 1845)
• 1937 – Elihu Root, American lawyer and politician, 38th United States Secretary of State, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1845)
• 1938 – Harvey Samuel Firestone, American businessman, founded the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company (b. 1868)
• 1939 – Boris Grigoriev, Russian painter and illustrator (b. 1886)
• 1942 – Ivan Bilibin, Russian illustrator and stage designer (b. 1876)
• 1944 – Lina Cavalieri, Italian soprano and actress (b. 1874)
• 1959 – Nap Lajoie, American baseball player and manager (b. 1874)
• 1959 – Daniel François Malan, South African minister and politician, 5th Prime Minister of South Africa (b. 1874)
• 1959 – Guitar Slim, American singer and guitarist (b. 1926)
• 1960 – Igor Kurchatov, Russian physicist and academic (b. 1903)
• 1963 – Learco Guerra, Italian cyclist and manager (b. 1902)
• 1964 – Sofoklis Venizelos, Greek captain and politician, 133rd Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1894)
• 1968 – Nick Adams, American actor and screenwriter (b. 1931)
• 1972 – Walter Lang, American director and screenwriter (b. 1896)
• 1979 – Josef Mengele, German SS officer and physician (b. 1911)
• 1986 – Cheikh Anta Diop, Senegalese historian, anthropologist, and physicist (b. 1923)
• 1990 – Alan Perlis, American computer scientist and academic (b. 1922)
• 1990 – Alfredo M. Santos, Filipino general (b. 1905)
• 1991 – Amos Yarkoni, Israeli colonel (b. 1920)
• 1994 – Witold Lutosławski, Polish composer and conductor (b. 1913)
• 1996 – Phillip Davidson, American general (b. 1915)
• 1999 – King Hussein of Jordan (b. 1935)
• 1999 – Bobby Troup, American actor, pianist, and composer (b. 1918)
• 2000 – Doug Henning, Canadian magician and politician (b. 1947)
• 2001 – Dale Evans, American singer-songwriter and actress (b. 1912)
• 2001 – Anne Morrow Lindbergh, American author and pilot (b. 1906)
• 2003 – Augusto Monterroso, Guatemalan author (b. 1921)
• 2005 – Atli Dam, Faroese engineer and politician, 5th Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands (b. 1932)
• 2006 – Princess Durru Shehvar of the Ottoman Empire (b. 1914)
• 2009 – Blossom Dearie, American singer and pianist (b. 1924)
• 2009 – Reg Evans, Australian actor (b. 1929)
• 2009 – Brian Naylor, Australian journalist (b. 1931)
• 2010 – Franco Ballerini, Italian cyclist and coach (b. 1964)
• 2012 – Harry Keough, American soccer player and coach (b. 1927)
• 2013 – Krsto Papić, Croatian director and screenwriter (b. 1933)
• 2014 – Doug Mohns, Canadian-American ice hockey player (b. 1933)
• 2015 – Billy Casper, American golfer and architect (b. 1931)
• 2015 – Marshall Rosenberg, American psychologist and author (b. 1934)
• 2015 – Dean Smith, American basketball player and coach (b. 1931)
• 2015 – John C. Whitehead, American banker and politician, 9th United States Deputy Secretary of State (b. 1922)
• 2016 – Konstantinos Despotopoulos, Greek philosopher and politician (b. 1913)
• 2017 – Richard Hatch, American actor (b. 1945)
• 2017 – Hans Rosling, Swedish academic (b. 1948)
• 2017 – Tzvetan Todorov, Bulgarian philosopher (b. 1939)

Disney και Netflix καλεί ο Παππάς 

στη Θεσσαλονίκη για τη ΔΕΘ 

Αστέρι Michelin στο ελληνικό

 εστιατόριο του Παρισιού 

Η απονομή των χθεσινών αστεριών Michelin στη Γαλλία

 έκρυβε μια έκπληξη, με ελληνικό χρώμα. 

Ανάμεσα στα εστιατόρια που διακρίθηκαν με ένα αστέρι Michelin βρίσκεται

 και αυτό το αδελφών Μαυρομμάτη, των τριών αδελφών από την Κύπρο που 

διακρίνονται στο χώρο της εστίασης στο Παρίσι! 

Τα τρία αδέλφια από την Κύπρο διαθέτουν πολλά εστιατόρια στην Πόλη του

 Φωτός , αλλά και αρκετά ντελικατέσεν με τη φίρμα τους Mavrommatis να λογίζεται

 ως μια από τις πιο πετυχημένες του Παρισιού. Και χθες ήρθε και η πιστοποίηση, 

καθώς το εστιατόριό τους Le Mavrommatis, τιμήθηκε με ένα αστέρι Michelin!

To succes story των τριών Κυπρίων

Τα εστιατόρια «Mavrommatis» είναι το αποτέλεσμα μιας οικογενειακής 

περιπέτειας, η οποία ξεκίνησε πριν από 30 χρόνια από ένα μικρό χωριό της 

Κύπρου, το οποίο εγκατέλειψαν δύο αδέλφια – οι Ανδρέας και Ευαγόρας 

Μαυρομμάτης – για να σπουδάσουν στο Παρίσι.

Ωθούμενοι από την ανάγκη τους για βιοπορισμό αγοράζουν ένα παντοπωλείο

 στην συνοικία Σανσιέ στο 5ο διαμέρισμα, το οποίο «εξοπλίζουν» με ελληνικά 

προϊόντα. Λίγο καιρό αργότερα αποφασίζουν να κάνουν άλλο ένα αποφασιστικό 

βήμα και περνάνε στην εστίαση, κάνοντας έτσι τις ελληνικές συνταγές περιζήτητες

 από τους Γάλλους. Αποτέλεσμα; Το παντοπωλείο μετατρέπεται σε εστιατόριο, ενώ 

ανοίγουν και μία νέα μπουτίκ με ελληνικά προϊόντα.

Στο μεταξύ, ο Ανδρέας σπουδάζει τη γαστρονομία στην περίφημη σχολή Λενότρ,

 ενώ στο Παρίσι καταφτάνει και ο τρίτος αδελφός Διονύσιος για να επισφραγίσει 

την επιτυχία.

«Όταν ήρθα στο Παρίσι για σπουδές και αποφάσισα να προτείνω ελληνικές γεύσεις

 στους Γάλλους κάποιοι με είπαν τρελό» παραδέχεται ο ιθύνων νους των επιχειρήσεων

 Ανδρέας Μαυρομμάτης. «Θυμάμαι φίλους μου να μου λένε ότι δεν είναι δυνατόν 

να σταθεί η δική μας κουζίνα σε μια χώρα με τόσο δυνατή γαστρονομική 

παράδοση αλλά ήμουν σίγουρος για την προσπάθεια κι είχα πείσμα».

Εμαθαν τις ελληνικές γκουρμέ λιχουδιές στους Γάλλους 

Σήμερα η οικογένεια Μαυρομάτης διαθέτει 4 εστιατόρια στο Παρίσι, 2 στη 

Μασσαλία, ένα εστιατόριο εντός των Gallery Lafayette και 8 ντελικατέσεν!

Φυσικά έχουν τα δικά τους   τυποποιημένα προϊόντα με τις ελληνικές γεύσεις που 

διαθέτουν στην γαλλική αγορά υπό την επωνυμία «Τhessalia». Στην ιδιοκτησία 

τους έχουν και ένα εργοστάσιο, στα προάστια του Παρισιού όπου συσκευάζουν 

τα ελληνικά προϊόντα που έμαθαν στους Γάλλους και τους έκαναν να τα λατρέψουν. 

Μάλιστα, έχουν κάνει τόσο δημοφιλείς τις ελληνικές λιχουδιές που κατέχουν 

το απίστευτο ρεκόρ: Πωλούν γύρω στα 150 κιλά ταραμοσαλάτα ημερησίως!

Από τις ελληνικές λιχουδιές τους που κάνουν θραύση τα γεμιστά, οι ντολμάδες,

 τα παπουτσάκια, το ιμάμ μπαϊλντί... 

«Ανοίγοντας το πρώτο κατάστημα Μavrommatis deli, πριν τριάντα χρόνια στο 

Παρίσι ήθελα να αποδείξω ότι η ελληνική κουζίνα δεν είναι μόνο ο μουσακάς 

και το τζατζίκι» λέει ο Ανδρέας Μαυρομμάτης.

Στο μαγαζιά των αδελφών Μαυρομμάτη τρώει κυριολεκτικά όλο το Παρίσι,

 γνωστοί και άγωνστοι. Ανάμεσα τους ο Φρανσουά Ολάντ, ο Νικολά Σαρκοζί, 

η Κατρίν Ντενέβ, ενώ πριν λίγους μήνες σε κάποιο από τα εστιατόρια της

 οικογένειας βρέθηκε και ο Αλέξης Τσίπρας!

«Πρόκειται για εξαιρετικούς μετρ της γεύσης» σχολίασε πριν από κάποια 

χρόνια η γαλλική Liberation. «Οι Μαυρομμάτηδες μας έκαναν να ξεκολλήσουμε

 από τους γαστρονομικούς σωβινισμούς και τους άσκοπους εγωισμούς από τους

 οποίους συχνά διακατεχόμαστε. Μια βόλτα να περάσει κάποιος από το 

κατάστημα της οδού Duphot στο Παρίσι θα καταλάβει. Δεκάδες προϊόντα, σε

 εξαιρετικές συσκευασίες μας κάνουν όχι μόνο να γνωρίσουμε αλλά και να

 λατρέψουμε την Ελληνική κουζίνα, πρόκειται σαφώς για την εκδίκηση του μουσακά».

Το εστιατόριο που βραβεύτηκε

1
Mail 

Is the greatest hits album dead?

Image copyrightGETTY IMAGES

Something odd is happening to the music industry in the era of streaming.

Age-old commercial strategies are being overturned as record companies big and small fight to adjust to the new technological reality.

Nowadays, physical albums that might previously have shifted hundreds of thousands of units are not even being released because no-one thinks they will sell.

Take, for instance, the case of Despacito, Luis Fonsi's Latin pop hit that was one of the biggest songs of 2017. It topped the charts for weeks in the UK, but strangely, there was no hit album to go with it.

It wasn't for lack of material. Fonsi may be a newcomer to British music fans, but in Latin music circles, his career stretches back 20 years, so it would have been child's play to cobble together a greatest hits CD and rush it to the shops.

In fact, that's what happened in France, where the album Despacito and My Greatest Hits made the top three and has spent more than 30 weeks on the charts. 

Fonsi's record company, Polydor, said it was "not prepared to discuss the matter" with the BBC and would not give any reasons for not releasing the CD in the UK. But if label bosses thought it was commercially viable, they would presumably have put it out.

So why are albums that would once have been considered sure-fire sales winners no longer being marketed?

Tipping point

In the UK, 2017 was the year in which streaming rose to account for more than half of music consumption - 50.4%, to be exact - up from just 36.4% the year before. 

Image copyrightREUTERS

Physical albums on CD and vinyl now make up just over one-third of the market, with the rest coming from digital downloads.

In France, streaming's share of the market has not yet reached that magic tipping point, accounting for 46%, while physical sales still make up 45% of the market.

For the time being, that makes it more worthwhile to put out physical CDs in France that wouldn't make it to the release schedule in the UK.

But increasingly, the decline of physical product means the end of compilations that span an artist's career and cherry-pick the best tunes: the "greatest hits" albums that used to be a reliable cash-cow for record companies.

Online music magazine Pitchfork saw this trend coming a couple of years back.

"In the digital era, once a catalogue enters a streaming service or an MP3 store, there's no need for a reissue and, therefore, there's no reason for a label to mine the vaults," according to contributor Stephen Thomas Erlewine.

"Users can assemble their own personalised greatest hits playlists or just scan through an act's most accessed songs."

Curated collections

So does this mean that the music reissue market is dead? Well, not exactly.

In the past, album collections were aimed at a general audience that had a casual interest in the music and was not prepared to wade through every album by a singer or band.

Now they are designed for a specialist audience that wants to dig deeper. 

That means multi-disc box sets that are not so much compiled as "curated", often with a weighty book attached that contains archive photos and a mini-history lesson of the artist's career. The key is context, something that a streaming service can never provide.

Image copyright

Independent record company Cherry Red was one of many small labels founded during the punk and new wave era of the late 1970s, but in more recent times, it has flourished by compiling and reissuing music from a wide range of genres.

Sometimes these are collections by a single artist. But the label also specialises in themed releases that sum up the history of a genre or even a place, as with its two box sets covering the development of the Manchester and Liverpool music scenes in the late 1970s and early 1980s.

Its chairman, Iain McNay, explains that as the market has changed, its releases have become more elaborate.

"We started doing a lot of catalogue releases about 25 years ago," he says. "We would do a CD with two or three bonus tracks, a booklet with details of the band, and that kind of worked. Now you have to do something special.

"With a box set, it tells a story. It has to look beautiful, it can't just look like a plain old CD. The music is special, but the packaging has to be special too."

Different world

Perhaps the ultimate "greatest hits" album among Cherry Red's recent releases comes from a band who have rarely troubled the top 40 charts. It's a massive seven-CD box set featuring the A-side and B-side of every single released by the Fall from 1978 to 2016.

Putting the collection together involved rounding up tracks released by eight other record companies, including one of the majors, Universal.

"The three majors live in a different world from us," says Mr McNay. "They have a different business structure, they have higher overheads. They're very much geared to finding the new Ed Sheeran.

"Their break-even on a release is far higher than ours. We can break even on 2,000 copies - they can't do that."

Image copyright

As a result, he says, the major labels are happy to license material from their vaults that they could not reissue profitably themselves.

"We have a good relationship with them and they appreciate that," he says. "It kind of works for both sides, really. It's all about something that works for the consumer."

Despite the rise of streaming, Mr McNay doesn't think that CD and vinyl formats are doomed.

"The physical won't die," he says. "It's not getting support from the majors, because they're really into streaming, but people are still going to buy physical albums.

"We've just got to make sure that we give them something as comprehensive and beautiful and informative as we can."