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[edit]

• 238 – Year of the Six Emperors: The Roman Senate outlaws emperor Maximinus Thrax for his bloodthirsty proscriptions in Rome and nominates two of its members, Pupienus and Balbinus, to the throne.
• 1500 – Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral lands in Brazil.
• 1519 – Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés establishes a settlement at Veracruz, Mexico.
• 1529 – Treaty of Zaragoza divides the eastern hemisphere between Spain and Portugal along a line 297.5 leagues or 17° east of the Moluccas.
• 1622 – The Capture of Ormuz by the East India Company ends Portuguese control of Hormuz Island.
• 1809 – The second day of the Battle of Eckmühl: The Austrian army is defeated by the First French Empire army led by Napoleon and driven over the Danube in Regensburg.
• 1836 – Texas Revolution: A day after the Battle of San Jacinto, forces under Texas General Sam Houston identify Mexican General Antonio López de Santa Anna among the captives of the battle when one of his fellow captives mistakenly gives away his identity.
• 1864 – The U.S. Congress passes the Coinage Act of 1864 that mandates that the inscription In God We Trust be placed on all coins minted as United States currency.
• 1876 – The first game in the history of the National League was played at the Jefferson Street Grounds in Philadelphia. This game is often pointed to as the beginning of the MLB.
• 1889 – At noon, thousands rush to claim land in the Land Rush of 1889. Within hours the cities of Oklahoma City and Guthrie are formed with populations of at least 10,000.
• 1898 – Spanish–American War: The USS Nashville captures a Spanish merchant ship.
• 1906 – The 1906 Summer Olympics, not now recognized as part of the official Olympic Games, open in Athens.
• 1911 – Tsinghua University, one of mainland China's leading universities, is founded.
• 1915 – The use of poison gas in World War I escalates when chlorine gas is released as a chemical weapon in the Second Battle of Ypres.
• 1930 – The United Kingdom, Japan and the United States sign the London Naval Treaty regulating submarine warfare and limiting shipbuilding.
• 1944 – The 1st Air Commando Group using Sikorsky R-4 helicopters stage the first use of helicopters in combat with combat search and rescue operations in the China Burma India Theater.
• 1944 – World War II: Operation Persecution is initiated: Allied forces land in the Hollandia (currently known as Jayapura) area of New Guinea.
• 1945 – World War II: Prisoners at the Jasenovac concentration camp revolt. Five hundred twenty are killed and 80 escape.
• 1945 – World War II: Führerbunker: After learning that Soviet forces have taken Eberswalde without a fight, Adolf Hitler admits defeat in his underground bunker and states that suicide is his only recourse.
• 1948 – Arab–Israeli War: Haifa, a major port of Israel, is captured from Arab forces.
• 1951 – Korean War: The Chinese People's Volunteer Army begin assaulting positions defended by the Royal Australian Regiment and the Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry at the Battle of Kapyong.
• 1954 – Red Scare: Witnesses begin testifying and live television coverage of the Army–McCarthy hearings begins.
• 1964 – The 1964-1965 New York World's Fair opens for its first season.
• 1969 – British yachtsman Sir Robin Knox-Johnston wins the Sunday Times Golden Globe Race and completes the first solo non-stop circumnavigation of the world.
• 1970 – The first Earth Day is celebrated.
• 1972 – Vietnam War: Increased American bombing in Vietnam prompts anti-war protests in Los Angeles, New York City, and San Francisco.
• 1977 – Optical fiber is first used to carry live telephone traffic.
• 1983 – The German magazine Stern claims that the "Hitler Diaries" had been found in wreckage in East Germany; the diaries are subsequently revealed to be forgeries.
• 1992 – In a series of explosions in Guadalajara, Mexico, 206 people are killed, nearly 500 injured and 15,000 left homeless.
• 1993 – Version 1.0 of the Mosaic web browser is released.
• 1997 – Haouch Khemisti massacre in Algeria where 93 villagers are killed.
• 1997 – The Japanese embassy hostage crisis ends in Lima, Peru.
• 1998 – Disney's Animal Kingdom opens at Walt Disney World near Orlando, Florida, United States.
• 2000 – In a pre-dawn raid, federal agents seize six-year-old Elián González from his relatives' home in Miami.
• 2000 – The Big Number Change takes place in the United Kingdom.
• 2004 – Two fuel trains collide in Ryongchon, North Korea, killing up to 150 people.
• 2005 – Japan's Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi apologizes for Japan's war record.
• 2008 – The United States Air Force retires the remaining F-117 Nighthawk aircraft in service.
• 2013 – Six people die in a shooting in Belgorod, Russia.
• 2013 – The Royal Canadian Mounted Police arrest and charge two men with plotting to disrupt a Toronto area train service in a plot claimed to be backed by Al-Qaeda elements.
• 2014 – More than 60 people are killed and 80 are seriously injured in a train crash in the Democratic Republic of the Congo's Katanga Province.

Births[edit]

• 1451 – Isabella I of Castile (d. 1504)
• 1518 – Antoine of Navarre (d. 1562)
• 1592 – Wilhelm Schickard, German astronomer and mathematician (d. 1635)
• 1610 – Pope Alexander VIII (d. 1691)
• 1658 – Giuseppe Torelli, Italian violinist and composer (d. 1709)
• 1690 – John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville, English politician, Lord President of the Council (d. 1763)
• 1707 – Henry Fielding, English novelist and playwright (d. 1754)
• 1711 – Paul II Anton, Prince Esterházy, Austrian soldier (d. 1762)
• 1724 – Immanuel Kant, German anthropologist, philosopher, and academic (d. 1804)
• 1732 – John Johnson, English architect and surveyor (d. 1814)
• 1744 – James Sullivan, American lawyer and politician, 7th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1808)
• 1757 – Alessandro Rolla, Italian violinist and composer (d. 1841)
• 1766 – Germaine de Staël, French philosopher and author (d. 1817)
• 1812 – Solomon Caesar Malan, Swiss-English orientalist (d. 1894)
• 1816 – Charles-Denis Bourbaki, French general (d. 1897)
• 1832 – Julius Sterling Morton, American journalist and politician, 3rd United States Secretary of Agriculture (d. 1902)
• 1844 – Lewis Powell, American soldier, attempted assassin of William H. Seward (d. 1865)
• 1852 – William IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (d. 1912)
• 1854 – Henri La Fontaine, Belgian lawyer and author, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1943)
• 1860 – Ada Rehan, Irish-American actress (d. 1916)
• 1868 – Archduchess Marie Valerie of Austria (d. 1924)
• 1870 – Vladimir Lenin, Russian lawyer and politician (d. 1924)
• 1872 – Princess Margaret of Prussia (d. 1954)
• 1873 – Ellen Glasgow, American author (d. 1945)
• 1876 – Róbert Bárány, Austrian-Swedish otologist and physician, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1936)
• 1876 – Georg Lurich, Estonian wrestler and strongman (d. 1920)
• 1879 – Bernhard Gregory, Estonian-German chess player (d. 1939)
• 1884 – Otto Rank, Austrian-American psychologist and academic (d. 1939)
• 1886 – Izidor Cankar, Slovenian historian, author, and diplomat (d. 1958)
• 1889 – Richard Glücks, German SS officer (d. 1945)
• 1891 – Laura Gilpin, American photographer (d. 1979)
• 1891 – Vittorio Jano, Italian engineer (d. 1965)
• 1891 – Harold Jeffreys, English mathematician, geophysicist, and astronomer (d. 1989)
• 1891 – Nicola Sacco, Italian-American criminal (d. 1927)
• 1892 – Vernon Johns, American minister and activist (d. 1965)
• 1899 – Vladimir Nabokov, Russian-Swiss entomologist, author, and critic (d. 1977)
• 1904 – J. Robert Oppenheimer, American physicist and academic (d. 1967)
• 1905 – Robert Choquette, American-Canadian author, poet, and diplomat (d. 1991)
• 1906 – Eddie Albert, American actor, singer, and producer (d. 2005)
• 1906 – Eric Fenby, English composer and educator (d. 1997)
• 1906 – Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten (d. 1947)
• 1907 – Ivan Yefremov, Russian paleontologist and author (d. 1972)
• 1909 – Rita Levi-Montalcini, Italian neurologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2012)
• 1909 – Indro Montanelli, Italian journalist and historian (d. 2001)
• 1910 – Norman Steenrod, American mathematician and academic (d. 1971)
• 1912 – Kathleen Ferrier, English operatic singer (d. 1953)
• 1912 – Kaneto Shindo, Japanese director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2012)
• 1914 – Baldev Raj Chopra, Indian director and producer (d. 2008)
• 1914 – Jan de Hartog, Dutch-American author and playwright (d. 2002)
• 1914 – José Quiñones Gonzales, Peruvian soldier and pilot (d. 1941)
• 1914 – Michael Wittmann, German SS officer (d. 1944)
• 1916 – Kanan Devi, Indian actress and singer (d. 1992)
• 1916 – Hanfried Lenz, German mathematician and academic (d. 2013)
• 1916 – Yehudi Menuhin, American-Swiss violinist and conductor (d. 1999)
• 1917 – Yvette Chauviré, French ballerina
• 1917 – Sidney Nolan, Australian painter (d. 1992)
• 1918 – William Jay Smith, American poet and academic (d. 2015)
• 1918 – Mickey Vernon, American baseball player and coach (d. 2008)
• 1919 – Donald J. Cram, American chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2001)
• 1919 – Carl Lindner, Jr., American businessman and philanthropist (d. 2011)
• 1922 – Richard Diebenkorn, American soldier and painter (d. 1993)
• 1922 – Charles Mingus, American bassist, composer, and bandleader (d. 1979)
• 1922 – Wolf V. Vishniac, American microbiologist and academic (d. 1973)
• 1923 – Avis Bunnage, English actress (d. 1990)
• 1923 – Peter Kane Dufault, American soldier, pilot, and poet (d. 2013)
• 1923 – Bettie Page, American model and actress (d. 2008)
• 1923 – Aaron Spelling, American actor, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2006)
• 1924 – Nam Duck-woo, South Korean politician, 12th Prime Minister of South Korea (d. 2013)
• 1925 – George Cole, English actor (d. 2015)
• 1926 – Charlotte Rae, American actress and singer
• 1926 – James Stirling, Scottish architect, designed the Staatsgalerie Stuttgart and Seeley Historical Library (d. 1992)
• 1927 – Laurel Aitken, Cuban-Jamaican singer (d. 2005)
• 1929 – Michael Atiyah, English-Lebanese mathematician and academic
• 1929 – Glen Sonmor, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (d. 2015)
• 1929 – Robert Wade-Gery, English diplomat, British High Commissioner to India (d. 2015)
• 1930 – Enno Penno, Estonian politician, Prime Minister of Estonia in exile
• 1931 – John Buchanan, Canadian lawyer and politician, 20th Premier of Nova Scotia
• 1931 – Ronald Hynd, English dancer and choreographer
• 1933 – Mark Damon, American actor and producer
• 1933 – Anthony Llewellyn, Welsh-American chemist and astronaut (d. 2013)
• 1934 – Nico Ladenis, Tanzanian-English chef and author
• 1935 – Christopher Ball, English linguist and academic
• 1935 – Paul Chambers, American bassist and composer (Miles Davis Quintet) (d. 1969)
• 1935 – Mario Machado, Chinese-American journalist and actor (d. 2013)
• 1936 – Glen Campbell, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor (The Champs)
• 1936 – Pierre Hétu, Canadian pianist and conductor (d. 1998)
• 1937 – Jack Nicholson, American actor and producer
• 1937 – Jack Nitzsche, American singer-songwriter, pianist, and conductor (Crazy Horse) (d. 2000)
• 1938 – Alan Bond, English-Australian businessman (d. 2015)
• 1938 – Gani Fawehinmi, Nigerian lawyer and activist (d. 2009)
• 1938 – Issey Miyake, Japanese fashion designer
• 1938 – Adam Raphael, English journalist and author
• 1939 – Mel Carter, American singer and actor
• 1939 – John Chilcot, English civil servant
• 1939 – John Foley, English general and politician, Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey
• 1939 – Ray Guy, Canadian journalist and author (d. 2013)
• 1939 – Jason Miller, American actor and playwright (d. 2001)
• 1939 – Ann Mitchell, English actress
• 1939 – Theodor Waigel, German lawyer and politician, German Federal Minister of Finance
• 1941 – Greville Howard, Baron Howard of Rising, English politician
• 1940 – Marie-José Nat, French actress
• 1942 – Giorgio Agamben, Italian philosopher and academic
• 1942 – Denis Lill, New Zealand-English actor
• 1942 – Mary Prior, English politician, Lord Lieutenant of Bristol
• 1943 – Keith Crisco, American businessman and politician (d. 2014)
• 1943 – Janet Evanovich, American author
• 1943 – Louise Glück, American poet and academic
• 1943 – John Maples, Baron Maples, English lawyer and politician, Shadow Secretary of State for Defence (d. 2012)
• 1944 – Steve Fossett, American businessman, pilot, and sailor (d. 2007)
• 1944 – Doug Jarrett, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2014)
• 1944 – Joshua Rifkin, American conductor and musicologist
• 1945 – Gopalkrishna Gandhi, Indian civil servant and politician, 22nd Governor of West Bengal
• 1945 – Demetrio Stratos, Egyptian-Italian singer-songwriter (Area) (d. 1979)
• 1946 – Steven L. Bennett, American captain and pilot, Medal of Honor recipient (d. 1972)
• 1946 – Paul Davies, English physicist and author
• 1946 – Nicole Garcia, French actress and director
• 1946 – Louise Harel, Canadian lawyer and politician
• 1946 – Archy Kirkwood, Baron Kirkwood of Kirkhope, Scottish lawyer and politician
• 1946 – Nicholas Stern, Baron Stern of Brentford, English economist and academic
• 1946 – John Waters, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter
• 1948 – Larry Groce, American singer-songwriter and radio host
• 1948 – John Pritchard, English bishop
• 1950 – Peter Frampton, English singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (The Herd and Humble Pie)
• 1950 – Jancis Robinson, English journalist and critic
• 1950 – Zygi Wilf, German-American businessman
• 1951 – Paul Carrack, English singer-songwriter and guitarist (Ace, Squeeze, Mike + The Mechanics, and Roxy Music)
• 1951 – Aivars Kalējs, Latvian organist, composer, and pianist
• 1951 – Ana María Shua, Argentinian author and poet
• 1952 – François Berléand, French actor
• 1952 – Dave Loveridge, New Zealand rugby player
• 1952 – Phil Smith, American basketball player (d. 2002)
• 1953 – Valeri Bondarenko, Estonian footballer and coach
• 1953 – Richard Broadbent, English businessman
• 1953 – Tom Griswold, American radio host
• 1953 – Juhani Komulainen, Finnish composer
• 1954 – Jōji Nakata, Japanese voice actor
• 1955 – David Collier, English businessman
• 1955 – Johnnie To, Hong Kong director and producer
• 1957 – Donald Tusk, Polish journalist and politician, 14th Prime Minister of Poland
• 1959 – Keith Boanas, English footballer and manager
• 1959 – Tim Bowman, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
• 1959 – Terry Francona, American baseball player, coach, and manager
• 1959 – Catherine Mary Stewart, Canadian actress
• 1959 – Ryan Stiles, American-Canadian actor and producer
• 1959 – Musa Uzunlar, Turkish actor
• 1960 – Lloyd Honeyghan, Jamaican-English boxer
• 1960 – Mart Laar, Estonian historian and politician, 9th Prime Minister of Estonia
• 1960 – Randall L. Stephenson, American businessman
• 1961 – Alo Mattiisen, Estonian composer (d. 1996)
• 1961 – Ann McKechin, Scottish lawyer and politician, Shadow Secretary of State for Scotland
• 1961 – Dewey Nicks, American photographer and director
• 1962 – Jeff Minter, English video game designer
• 1962 – Danièle Sauvageau, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
• 1963 – Rosalind Gill, English sociologist and academic
• 1963 – Brooke McCarter, American model, actor, and producer (d. 2015)
• 1963 – Magnús Ver Magnússon, Icelandic weightlifter and strongman
• 1965 – Miguel Leal, Portuguese footballer and manager
• 1965 – Peter Zezel, Canadian ice hockey and soccer player (d. 2009)
• 1966 – Kimberley Dahme, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (Boston)
• 1966 – Fletcher Dragge, American guitarist and producer (Pennywise)
• 1966 – Mickey Morandini, American baseball player and manager
• 1966 – Jeffrey Dean Morgan, American actor
• 1967 – Sheryl Lee, German-American actress
• 1967 – David J. C. MacKay, English physicist, engineer, and academic
• 1967 – Sherri Shepherd, American actress and talk show panelist
• 1967 – Harvey Williams, American football player
• 1968 – Jo Angel, Australian cricketer
• 1968 – Bimbo Coles, American basketball player and coach
• 1968 – Zarley Zalapski, Canadian-Swiss ice hockey player
• 1969 – Dion Dublin, English footballer and sportscaster
• 1970 – Erkki Bahovski, Estonian journalist
• 1970 – Andrea Giani, Italian volleyball player and coach
• 1970 – Desmond Pringle, American singer-songwriter
• 1970 – Regine Velasquez, Filipino singer, actress, and producer
• 1971 – Daisuke Enomoto, Japanese businessman
• 1971 – Eric Mabius, American actor
• 1971 – Spencer Prior, English footballer
• 1971 – Ingo Rademacher, German-Australian actor
• 1972 – Sabine Appelmans, Belgian tennis player
• 1972 – Owen Finegan, Australian rugby player and coach
• 1972 – Milka Duno, Venezuelan race car driver and engineer
• 1972 – Sergei Hohlov-Simson, Estonian footballer and manager
• 1972 – Willie Robertson, American hunter and businessman
• 1973 – Adem Poric, English-Australian footballer
• 1973 – Christopher Sabat, American voice actor, director, and producer
• 1973 – Ofer Talker, Israeli footballer and manager
• 1974 – Opio, American rapper (Souls of Mischief and Hieroglyphics)
• 1974 – Shavo Odadjian, Armenian-American bass player, songwriter, and producer (System of a Down and Achozen)
• 1975 – Greg Moore, Canadian race car driver (d. 1999)
• 1975 – Carlos Sastre, Spanish cyclist
• 1975 – Anders Nyström, Swedish guitarist and songwriter (Katatonia, Bewitched, Bloodbath, and Diabolical Masquerade)
• 1976 – Dan Cloutier, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
• 1976 – Paul Henderson, Australian footballer
• 1976 – Michał Żewłakow, Polish footballer
• 1977 – Mark van Bommel, Dutch footballer
• 1978 – Ezekiel Jackson, Guyanese-American wrestler
• 1978 – Paul Malakwen Kosgei, Kenyan runner and coach
• 1978 – David Masters, English cricketer
• 1978 – Matt Orford, Australian rugby player
• 1978 – Jason Stollsteimer, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (The Von Bondies and Hounds Below)
• 1978 – Esteban Tuero, Argentinian race car driver
• 1979 – Zoltán Gera, Hungarian footballer
• 1979 – Daniel Johns, Australian singer-songwriter and guitarist (Silverchair and The Dissociatives)
• 1980 – Igor Budan, Croatian footballer
• 1980 – Clarke Dermody, New Zealand rugby player
• 1980 – Nicolas Douchez, French footballer
• 1980 – Courtney Friel, American journalist
• 1980 – Carlos Hernández, Venezuelan baseball player
• 1980 – Aaron Michael Metchik, American actor and director
• 1980 – Quincy Timberlake, Kenyan-Australian activist, engineer, and politician
• 1981 – Ken Dorsey, American football player
• 1981 – Madis Kallas, Estonian decathlete and activist
• 1981 – Rafael Sperafico, Brazilian race car driver (d. 2007)
• 1981 – Jonathan Trott, South African-English cricketer
• 1982 – Kaká, Brazilian footballer
• 1982 – Cassidy Freeman, American actress and musician
• 1982 – Joel Monaghan, Australian rugby league player
• 1982 – David Purcey, American baseball player
• 1982 – Aidas Reklys, Lithuanian figure skater
• 1982 – Aleksander Saharov, Estonian footballer
• 1982 – Noriko Shitaya, Japanese voice actress
• 1983 – Remi Ayodele, American football player
• 1983 – Sam W. Heads, English-American entomologist and palaeontologist
• 1983 – Jos Hooiveld, Dutch footballer
• 1983 – Matt Jones, American football player
• 1983 – Vangelis Mantzios, Greek footballer
• 1984 – Amelle Berrabah, English singer-songwriter (Sugababes)
• 1984 – Michelle Ryan, English actress
• 1985 – Matt Ballinger, American singer and actor (Dream Street)
• 1985 – Blake Fitzpatrick, American director and screenwriter
• 1985 – Pablo Cáceres Rodríguez, Uruguayan footballer
• 1985 – Kseniya Simonova, Ukrainian painter and sculptor
• 1986 – Amber Heard, American actress and producer
• 1986 – Marshawn Lynch, American football player
• 1986 – Dušan Šakota, Serbian-Greek basketball player
• 1987 – David Luiz, Brazilian footballer
• 1987 – David Mateos, Spanish footballer
• 1987 – John Obi Mikel, Nigerian footballer
• 1988 – James Ross, American drag queen performer
• 1988 – Amadou Samb, Senegalese footballer
• 1989 – DeJuan Blair, American basketball player
• 1989 – Jasper Cillessen, Dutch footballer
• 1989 – Thomas James Longley, English actor and model
• 1990 – Óscar González, Mexican boxer (d. 2014)
• 1990 – Jade Windley, English tennis player
• 1991 – Braydon Smith, Australian boxer (d. 2015)
• 1992 – Joc Pederson, American baseball player
• 1992 – Kenny Stills, American football player
• 1992 – Rolene Strauss, South African model, Miss World 2014
• 1992 – Joonas Vaino, Estonian basketball player
• 1993 – Ryu Hwa-young, South Korean rapper, dancer, and actress (T-ara)
• 1995 – Victoria Rodríguez, Mexican tennis player
• 1997 – Jekalyn Carr, American singer-songwriter

Deaths[edit]

• 296 – Pope Caius
• 536 – Pope Agapetus I
• 591 – Peter III of Raqqa
• 613 – Saint Theodore of Sykeon
• 846 – Wu Zong, Chinese emperor (b. 814)
• 1616 – Miguel de Cervantes, Spanish novelist, poet, and playwright (b. 1547)
• 1672 – Georg Stiernhielm, Swedish linguist and poet (b. 1598)
• 1699 – Hans Erasmus Aßmann, German poet (b. 1646)
• 1758 – Antoine de Jussieu, French botanist and physician (b. 1686)
• 1806 – Pierre-Charles Villeneuve, French admiral (b. 1763)
• 1821 – Gregory V of Constantinople, Greek patriarch and saint (b. 1746)
• 1833 – Richard Trevithick, English engineer and explorer (b. 1771)
• 1850 – Friedrich Robert Faehlmann, Estonian philologist and physician (b. 1798)
• 1854 – Nicolás Bravo, Mexican general and politician, 11th President of Mexico (b. 1786)
• 1877 – James P. Kirkwood, Scottish-American engineer (b. 1807)
• 1892 – Édouard Lalo, French violinist and composer (b. 1823)
• 1893 – Chaim Aronson, Lithuanian businessman and author (b. 1825)
• 1894 – Kostas Krystallis, Greek author and poet (b. 1868)
• 1896 – Thomas Meik, English engineer, founded Halcrow Group (b. 1812)
• 1908 – Henry Campbell-Bannerman, Scottish-English merchant and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1836)
• 1925 – André Caplet, French composer and conductor (b. 1878)
• 1929 – Henry Lerolle, French painter and art collector (b. 1848)
• 1932 – Ferenc Oslay, Hungarian-Slovene historian and author (b. 1883)
• 1933 – Henry Royce, English engineer and businessman, co-founded Rolls-Royce Limited (b. 1863)
• 1944 – Nikolaos Roussen, Greek captain (b. 1913)
• 1945 – Wilhelm Cauer, German mathematician and academic (b. 1900)
• 1945 – Käthe Kollwitz, German painter and sculptor (b. 1867)
• 1946 – Lionel Atwill, English-American actor (b. 1885)
• 1946 – Harlan F. Stone, American lawyer and jurist, 12th Chief Justice of the United States (b. 1872)
• 1949 – Charles Middleton, American actor (b. 1874)
• 1950 – Charles Hamilton Houston, American lawyer and academic (b. 1895)
• 1951 – Horace Donisthorpe, English myrmecologist and coleopterist (b. 1870)
• 1956 – Walt Faulkner, American racing driver (b. 1918)
• 1968 – Stephen H. Sholes, American record producer (b. 1911)
• 1978 – Will Geer, American actor and singer (b. 1902)
• 1980 – Jane Froman, American actress and singer (b. 1907)
• 1980 – Fritz Strassmann, German chemist and physicist (b. 1902)
• 1983 – John Louis Evans, American murderer (b. 1950)
• 1983 – Earl Hines, American pianist and bandleader (b. 1903)
• 1984 – Ansel Adams, American photographer and environmentalist (b. 1902)
• 1985 – Paul Hugh Emmett, American chemist and academic (b. 1900)
• 1985 – Jacques Ferron, Canadian physician and author (b. 1921)
• 1986 – Mircea Eliade, Romanian historian and author (b. 1907)
• 1987 – Erika Nõva, Estonian architect (b. 1905)
• 1988 – Grigori Kuzmin, Russian-Estonian astronomer and academic (b. 1917)
• 1988 – Irene Rich, American actress (b. 1891)
• 1989 – Emilio G. Segrè, Italian-American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1905)
• 1990 – Albert Salmi, American actor (b. 1928)
• 1991 – Feriha Tevfik, Turkish model and actress, Miss Turkey 1929 (b. 1910)
• 1994 – Richard Nixon, American lieutenant, lawyer, and politician, 37th President of the United States (b. 1913)
• 1995 – Jane Kenyon, American poet and author (b. 1947)
• 1995 – Maggie Kuhn, American activist, founded the Gray Panthers (b. 1905)
• 1996 – Erma Bombeck, American journalist and author (b. 1927)
• 1996 – Jug McSpaden, American golfer and architect (b. 1908)
• 1998 – Kitch Christie, South African rugby player and coach (b. 1940)
• 1999 – Chan Canasta, Polish-English magician (b. 1920)
• 1999 – Munir Ahmad Khan, Pakistani-Austrian physicist and engineer (b. 1926)
• 1999 – Apostolos Nikolaidis, Greek-American singer (b. 1938)
• 2002 – Linda Lovelace, American porn actress and activist (b. 1949)
• 2003 – Felice Bryant, American songwriter (b. 1925)
• 2003 – James H. Critchfield, American CIA officer (b. 1917)
• 2003 – Martha Griffiths, American lawyer, judge, and politician, 58th Lieutenant Governor of Michigan (b. 1912)
• 2003 – Mike Larrabee, American runner (b. 1933)
• 2004 – Michael Christie, American golfer (b.1969)
• 2004 – Jason Dunham, American soldier, Medal of Honor recipient (b. 1981)
• 2004 – Pat Tillman, American football player and soldier (b. 1976)
• 2005 – Erika Fuchs, German translator (b. 1906)
• 2005 – Philip Morrison, American physicist and academic (b. 1915)
• 2006 – Henriette Avram, American computer scientist and academic (b. 1919)
• 2006 – D'Iberville Fortier, Canadian diplomat (b. 1926)
• 2006 – Alida Valli, Italian actress (b. 1921)
• 2007 – Juanita Millender-McDonald, American educator and politician (b. 1938)
• 2008 – Cameron Argetsinger, American race car driver and lawyer (b. 1921)
• 2008 – Ed Chynoweth, Canadian businessman (b. 1941)
• 2008 – Paul Davis, American singer-songwriter (b. 1948)
• 2010 – Richard Barrett, American lawyer and activist (b. 1943)
• 2011 – Hazel Dickens, American singer-songwriter, bassist and guitarist (b. 1935)
• 2012 – John Amabile, American football player and coach (b. 1939)
• 2012 – Bill Granger, American author (b. 1941)
• 2012 – Buzz Potamkin, American director and producer (b. 1945)
• 2012 – George Rathmann, American chemist, biologist, and businessman (b. 1927)
• 2013 – Dave Gold, American businessman, founded 99 Cents Only Stores (b. 1932)
• 2013 – George Stanley Gordon, American businessman (b. 1926)
• 2013 – Richie Havens, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1941)
• 2013 – Lalgudi Jayaraman, Indian violinist and composer (b. 1930)
• 2013 – Mike Smith, English footballer (b. 1935)
• 2013 – Robert Suderburg, American pianist, composer, and conductor (b. 1936)
• 2013 – J. S. Verma, Indian judge, 27th Chief Justice of India (b. 1933)
• 2014 – Allen Jacobs, American football player and coach (b. 1941)
• 2014 – Jovan Krkobabić, Serbian politician, Deputy Prime Minister of Serbia (b. 1930)
• 2014 – Mohammad Naseem, Pakistani-English activist (b. 1924)
• 2014 – Werner Potzernheim, German cyclist (b. 1927)
• 2014 – Oswaldo Vigas, Venezuelan painter (b. 1926)
• 2015 – Dick Balharry, Scottish environmentalist and photographer (b. 1937)
• 2015 – Dorothy Custer, American comedian (b. 1911)
• 2015 – Gennadi Vengerov, Belarusian-Russian actor (b. 1954)

Prince death spurs tributes in purple

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The life of the singer Prince, who has died at the age of 57, is being marked with purple-coloured tributes.

Buildings, newspaper front pages and websites across the US and beyond have changed colour in his honour.

Prince was found dead at his Minnesota home on Thursday. He became a superstar in the 1980s, with the albums 1999, Purple Rain and Sign O' the Times.

No cause of death has been stated and a post-mortem examination will take place on Friday.

US President Barack Obama said the world had "lost a creative icon".

Prince's innovative music spanned rock, funk and jazz. He sold more than 100 million records during his career.

In Prince's native Minneapolis, the Minnesota Twins baseball team turned their stadium purple, as did the Lowry Avenue Bridge in the centre of the city.

Other prominent buildings in New York and New Orleans were also given a new purple look. And while the Niagara Falls were turned purple to mark the Queen's 90th birthday, the coincidence was welcomed by Prince fans online.

MTV's Twitter logo has also turned purple. In the UK, the front page of the Sun newspaper featured a photo of Prince against a purple background with the headline: "Purple reign is over."

Hundreds of people gathered in the centre of Minneapolis into the early hours of Friday. At one point, they all came together to sing Prince's 1984 hit Purple Rain.

Vigils for the singer were also held outside his home as well as in Los Angeles and Brooklyn, where the film director Spike Lee, a friend of Prince's, led an impromptu street party.

Image copyrightNew Yorker/Liberation

Image copyrightAP

In a statement, Carver County Sheriff Jim Olson said his deputies responded to a medical call at about 09:43 local time (14:43 GMT) and later found an unresponsive adult male in an elevator at Paisley Park Studios.

First responders tried to revive him but he was pronounced dead at 10:07.

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Image copyrightAFP?Getty Images

Paisley Park feels like the new Graceland. Prince's home and recording studio is awash with tears and tributes.

Well into the night, thousands of fans came here to lay flowers, cards and balloons at a makeshift shrine.

Others gathered in central Minneapolis, dancing and singing as they paid their respects to a local and global superstar, whose unique, sexually-charged blend of funk, rock and soul revolutionised music.

Here in the twin cities, Minneapolis and St Paul, there is shock and grief but also pride. One local radio station is urging its listeners to wear purple on Friday in tribute.

Many residents point out that Prince could have lived anywhere in the world. They feel honoured, they say, that he chose to remain until the very end in the place where he was born.

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Born in 1958, Prince was a prolific writer and performer from a young age - reportedly writing his first song when he was seven.

He was also and arranger and multi-instrumentalist, and recorded more than 30 albums. His best-known hits include Let's Go Crazy and When Doves Cry.

He also wrote music for other artists. Nothing Compares 2U, written for The Family, was later made famous by Sinead O'Connor in 1990.

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In 1984, he won an Oscar for the score to Purple Rain, a film in which he also starred.

Throughout his career he had a reputation for secrecy and eccentricity, once changing his name to an unpronounceable symbol. 

In 2004, Prince was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, which said he "rewrote the rulebook".

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He had a mercurial relationship with technology. In 2000, he released singles via the pioneering music-sharing service Napster, but he later declared the internet "completely over" and refused to allow his music on major streaming platforms.

Prince's latest album, HITnRUN Phase Two, was released last year and he had been touring as recently as last week.

On 15 April he was taken to hospital after his private plane made an emergency landing in Illinois. It happened just hours after he had performed on stage in Georgia. He was treated and released after a few hours.

Tributes have been pouring in from artists young and old, across the musical spectrum.

• Madonna, who dated Prince briefly, described him as a "visionary who changed the world"
• Chic guitarist Nile Rogers said there were "tears and love on our tour bus"
• Mick Jagger said Prince's talent was "limitless", calling him a "revolutionary artist, a great musician, a wonderful lyricist"
• President Obama said: "Few artists have influenced the sound and trajectory of popular music more distinctly, or touched quite so many people with their talent"
• "Musically, he could do it all: sing play and produce,"said Beach Boys singer Brian Wilson
• Guitarist Slash said Prince was "one of the greatest musical talents of my lifetime. Maybe of the 20th century"
• "And just like that...the world lost a lot of magic," singer Katy Perry tweeted
• "I can't believe it, I'm in total shock. So many wonderful memories," wrote Lionel Richie
• "It's such a blow. It's really surreal. It's just kind of unbelievable," Aretha Franklin told MSNBC. "He was definitely an original and a one of a kind. Truly there was only one Prince."

Πολυτελή ενδύματα 400 ετών βρέθηκαν άθικτα σε ναυάγιο 

Πρόκειται για μια από αυτές τις απίστευτες ιστορίες που

 σπάνια βλέπουν το φως.

Οπως εξηγεί το «History Blog» απίστευτα ευρήματα του 17ου αιώνα βρέθηκαν

 σε ναυάγιο, κοντά στο νησί της Ολλανδίας Texel από όπου περνούσαν αναγκαστικά

 τα πλοία και όπου έγιναν πολλά ναυάγια.
Τον Αύγουστο του 2014 οι αρχαιολόγοι ανακάλυψαν ένα ναυάγιο στο βυθό της

 θάλασσας από ένα εμπορικό πλοίο του 17ου αιώνα. Ανάμεσα στα ευρήματα ήρθε 

στο φως για πρώτη φορά, εντελώς άθικτη, η πολυτελής γκαρνταρόμπα μιας κυρίας 

της αριστοκρατίας που έζησε 4 αιώνες πριν.

Το φόρεμά της από μετάξι είναι εντελώς άθικτο. Βρέθηκε επίσης ένα ζευγάρι κάλτσες από χρυσή και ασημένια κλωστή, μια θήκη από βελούδο και ασημένια κλωστή που περιείχε μια χτένα.

Υπήρχε ακόμη ένα πιάτο από την Ιταλία, μαγικές μπάλες αρώματος, πολυτελή 

δερματόδετα βιβλία.

Το History Blog αναφέρει ότι το πλοίο που ναυάγησε μετέφερε σιτηρά, λιβάνι,

 καπνό και αλκοόλ.
Η απίστευτη ανακάλυψη της πολυτελούς γκαρνταρόμπας κρατήθηκε μυστική

 ώστε να μην συγκεντρωθούν περίεργοι και ύποπτοι γύρω από το ναυάγιο. Επί 

ενάμιση χρόνο οι αρχαιολόγοι εργάστηκαν πάνω στο ναυάγιο και στα ενδύματα

 προκειμένου να τα καθαρίσουν και να τα σταθεροποιήσουν. Ολα τα αντικείμενα

 παρουσιάζονται τώρα στο Museum Kaap Skil της νήσου Texel – Μουσείο

 Θαλασσών- σε μόνιμη έκθεση. Δείτε το μουσείο στο

 http://www.kaapskil.nl/garde-robe. Ολες οι φωτογραφίες είναι από το σάιτ 

του Μουσείου.

Prince και Μάικλ Τζάκσον: Τους χώρισε ένα αβυσσαλέο μίσος 

Είχαν λιγότερο από τρεις μήνες διαφορά ηλικίας, τρέφονταν 

προφανώς από τις ίδιες μουσικές και πολιτισμικές επιρροές, 

μοιράζονταν την ίδια αίσθηση υπερβολής και γνώρισαν την

 αποθέωση και τη δημοφιλία την ίδια περίπου εποχή. Και

 μισούσαν ο ένας τον άλλο.

Ο Prince και ο Michael Jackson υπήρξαν αδελφικοί εχθροί. Ο ανταγωνισμός τους

 έφτανε σε μυθολογικά επίπεδα, όπως μόνο ο πλανήτης pop ξέρει να δημιουργεί.

 Ηταν ένας ανταγωνισμός όπως Coca vs Pepsi, Sheila vs Sylvie Vartan, Blur vs Oasis.

 Ηταν δύο ιδιοφυίες του ναρκισσισμού, ιδιότροποι πρίγκιπες. Όταν τη δεκαετία του

 '80 η κουλτούρα ποπ έπαιρνε μια νέα στροφή και πρόσφερε έδαφος στις 

αφροαμερικανικές μουσικές, οι δύο σταρ βρέθηκαν αντίπαλοι σε επίπεδο

 δημιουργικότητας, ντυσίματος, πωλήσεων και δίσκων.

Το 1982, στο τότε νέο κανάλι MTV, δύο ήταν τα βίντεο κλιπ που παίζονταν

 συνέχεια και ανταγωνίζονταν: το «Billie Jean» και το «Little Red Corvette».

 Το 1983, σε μια συναυλία του Τζέιμς Μπράουν στο Beverly Theater του Λος 

Αντζελες, ο Τζάκσον είναι καλεσμένος στη σκηνή. Μουρμουρίζει στο αυτί του

 Μπράουν ότι ο Prince βρίσκεται ανάμεσα στο κοινό. Ο Μπράουν τον φωνάζει

 να ανέβει στη σκηνή. Όλα εξελίσσονται μαγικά, ο Prince γδύνεται στη σκηνή 

και κάνει έναν καταπληκτικό αυτοσχεδιασμό με την κιθάρα του. Σύμφωνα 

με πολλές βιογραφίες του Τζάκσον, ο τραγουδιστής του «Thriller» είχε

 αποκαλέσει τον Prince «κακό» σε εκείνη την εμφάνισή του και ξανάβλεπε 

συχνά το βίντεο. 

Ο Τζάκσον επίσης κορόιδευε την ταινία Under the Cherry Moon που είχε γυρίσει ο Prince, τον οποίο έβρισκε «τραγικό». Το 1987 ο Τζάκσον πρότεινε στον εχθρό του να γράψουν μαζί το τραγούδι «Bad», αλλά ο Prince αρνήθηκε γιατί έβρισκε το κομμάτι γελοίο. Ο Τζάκσον το γυρίζει μόνος του.

Στο βιογραφικό βιβλίο MJ: The Genius of Michael Jackson, ο Steve Knopper,

 δημοσιογράφος στο περιοδικό Rolling Stone, διηγείται ότι σε μια συναυλία του 

Prince, όπου ο Τζάκσον βρισκόταν στο κοινό, ο τραγουδιστής είχε σταθεί 

μπροστά του, με την κιθάρα στα χέρια και είχε παίξει λίγα εκατοστά από το

 πρόσωπό του, σαν να του έδινε μια συμβολική σφαλιάρα. Ο Τζάκσον έγινε

 έξαλλος και είχε δηλώσει: «Ο Prince πάντα ήταν κακός. Ολοι λένε ότι ο Prince είναι

 αναγεννησιακός και ότι εγώ είμαι απλά ένας τύπος που χορεύει πάνω στα

τραγούδια. Εγώ όμως έγραψα το "Billie Jean"και το "We Are the World". Εγώ

 γράφω τραγούδια».

Η μάχη δύο υπερβολικών «εγώ» συνεχίστηκε σε όλη τη ζωή τους. Η ζήλια έκανε

 τον Prince να χλωμιάζει μπροστά στην απίστευτη επιτυχία του Τζάκσον, ενώ 

ο Τζάκσον ζήλευε την αύρα αυτού του μουσικού βιρτιόζου που ήταν ο Prince.

 Οι μουσικόφιλοι πάντα προτιμούσαν τον ήχο και το ταλέντο του μικρόσωμου 

τραγουδιστή από τη Μινεάπολις, παρά τις κραυγές του «κατεψυγμένου» 

υπερφίαλου από τη Neverland.

Ωστόσο, το μίσος ανάμεσα στους δύο γίγαντες της μουσικής, που σήμερα είναι

 και οι δύο νεκροί, δημιούργησε τελικά την καριέρα τους και τους ώθησε πιο ψηλά. 

Κανείς δεν είναι σε θέση να γνωρίζει αν στην πραγματικότητα θαύμαζαν ο ένας 

τον άλλο. Eξάλλου και οι δύο γιοι του Μάικλ Τζάκσον έχουν για όνομα ή

 παρατσούκλι το Prince. Δίνει κανείς στα παιδιά του το όνομα κάποιου που

 περιφρονεί;

CD[edit]