Οι 200 τούρκικες λέξεις που χρησιμοποιούμε καθημερινά και δεν το ξέρουμε 

Καθημερινά χρησιμοποιούμε πολλές δεκάδες λέξεις οι οποίες 

είναι τουρκικές και έχουν παρεισφρύσει στη γλώσσα μας

 χωρίς να γνωρίζουμε την προέλευσή τους και την αντίστοιχη

 ελληνική έννοια.

Γράφει ο συγγραφέας Νίκος Σαραντάκος στο ιστολόγιό του sarantakos.

wordpress.com:
Οι λέξεις του καταλόγου είναι 220 αλλά δύο από αυτές (μπόρα και ταπί) δεν

 έχουν τουρκική προέλευση, επομένως ο κατάλογος κανονικά έχει 218 λέξεις -

το άφησα 220 στον τίτλο για να είναι πιο στρογγυλό. Όταν λέμε "τουρκική 

προέλευση"συνυπολογίζουμε και την απώτερη αραβική ή περσική προέλευση 

των λέξεων.
Βέβαια, λείπουν πολλές λέξεις που λέμε συχνά, αλλά αφού ο συντάκτης ήθελε να

 διαλέξει περίπου 200 λέξεις, κάποιες έπρεπε να αφήσει έξω. Μοιραία προκύπτει 

το ερώτημα, πόσα είναι τα τουρκικά δάνεια της ελληνικής γλώσσας ή (αν δεν μας

 ενοχλεί η ανακρίβεια), "πόσες είναι οι τουρκικές λέξεις της ελληνικής γλώσσας". 

Δεν είναι εύκολες τέτοιες μετρήσεις, γιατί υπάρχουν λέξεις ξεχασμένες και λέξεις 

ζωντανές, όπως επίσης υπάρχουν αρχικές λέξεις και παράγωγες-σύνθετες λέξεις.

 Για παράδειγμα, από τη λέξη 'γλέντι'έχουμε και το ρήμα γλεντάω, έχουμε τον

 γλεντζέ και τη γλεντζού, που μας δίνουν το επίθετο 'γλεντζέδικος'και το επίρρημα

 'γλεντζέδικα'. Έχουμε το υποριστικό "γλεντάκι", ενώ στον Μπαμπινιώτη

 υπάρχει και ο ημιλόγιος τύπος 'γλεντιστής'. Έχουμε τέλος και τον γλεντοκόπο,

 το γλεντοκόπι ή γλεντοκόπημα, το ρήμα γλεντοκοπώ. Η μια "αρχική"λέξη δίνει

 δώδεκα μαζί με τα παράγωγά της. Δεν είναι όλες τόσο παραγωγικές, αλλά κάποιες

 είναι περισσότερο.

Πλάι σε κάθε "τούρκικη"λέξη, ο αρχικός συντάκτης δίνει, σε παρένθεση, ένα 

συνώνυμο ή μια εξήγηση με "αμιγώς ελληνικές"λέξεις. Αυτό φυσικά δεν σημαίνει

 ότι μπορούμε να αντικαταστήσουμε τις "τούρκικες"λέξεις με τις "εγχώριες", 

όπως επιχείρησαν κάποιοι σε ένα μαζικό ηλεμήνυμα, που χρησιμοποιεί αυτόν 

τον κατάλογο λέξεων, και που το κοροϊδεύει δεόντως ο Γιάννης Χάρης σε πρόσφατο

 σχόλιό του, δίνοντας μερικά παραδείγματα τέτοιας (υποθετικής και

 αγλωσσολόγητης) αντικατάστασης:

«Το βράδυ τρώω μόνο ένα πηγμένο γάλα» (γιαούρτι)
«Θα μας τρελάνουν πάλι οι ετησίες άνεμοι» (μελτέμια)
«Κάναμε πολλή ευδιαθεσία χτες στου Νίκου» (κέφι)
«Με τη ζέστη ένα υδροπεπόνι είναι ό,τι πρέπει» (καρπούζι)
«Οι φοιτητές στη Λάρισα πήγαν από πύραυνο» (μαγκάλι)
«Τον κοιτούσε κι έτρεχαν τα πυκνόρρευστα διαλύματα ζάχαρης» (σιρόπια)

Οι 218 (220-2) τουρκικής προέλευσης λέξεις του καταλόγου είναι:
1. Αγάς (δεσποτικός-αυταρχικός),
2. Αγιάζι (πρωινό ή νυχτερινό κρύο),
3. Αλάνα (ανοιχτός χώρος),
4. Αλάνι (αλήτης)
5. Γιακάς (περιλαίμιο),
6. Γιαπί (οικοδομή),
7. Γιαρμάς (ροδάκινο),
8. Γιαούρτι (πηγμένο γάλα)
9. Γιλέκο (περιθωράκιον)
10. Γινάτι (πείσμα),
11. Γιουρούσι (επίθεση)
12. Γκάιντα (άσκαυλος),
13. Γκέμι (χαλινάρι)
14. Γλέντι (διασκέδαση)
15. Γούρι (τύχη),
16. Γρουσούζης (κακότυχος),
17. Δερβένι (κλεισούρα),
18. Εργένης (άγαμος),
19. Ζαμάνια (μεγάλο χρονικό διάστημα),
20. Ζαρζαβατικά (λαχανικά),
21. Ζόρι (δυσκολία),
22. Ζουμπούλι (υάκινθος),

23. Καβγάς (φιλονικία),
24. Καβούκι (καύκαλο),
25. Καβουρδίζω (φρυγανίζω-ξεροψήνω),
26. Καζάνι (λέβητας),
27. Καΐκι (βάρκα)
28. Καλέμι (γραφίδα),
29. Καλούπι (μήτρα-πρότυπο),
30. Κάλπικος (κίβδηλος),
31. Καπάκι (σκέπασμα- κάλυμμα),
32. Καραούλι (φρουρά-σκοπιά),
33. Καρπούζι (υδροπέπων),
34. Κασμάς (αξίνα-σκαπάνη)
35. Κατσίκα (ερίφι-γίδα)
36. Καφάσι (κιβώτιο),
37. Κελεπούρι (ανέλπιστο εύρημα)
38. Κέφι (ευδιαθεσία)
39. Κιμάς (ψιλοκομμένο κρέας),
40. Κιόσκι (περίπτερο),
41. Κολάι (ευκολία-άνεση),
42. Κολαούζος (οδηγός),
43. Κόπιτσα (πόρπη),
44. Κοτζάμ (τεράστιος-πελώριος),
45. Κοτσάνι (μίσχος),
46. Κότσι (αστράγαλος),
47. Κουβαρντάς (γενναιόδωρος-ανοιχτοχέρης)
48. Κουβάς (κάδος-αγγείο),
49. Κουμπαράς (δοχείο χρημάτων),
50. Κουσούρι (ελάττωμα-μειονέκτημα),
51. Κουτουρού (ασύνετα-απερίσκεπτα),

52. Λαγούμι (υπόνομος-οχετός),
53. Λαπάς (χυλός),
54. Λεβέντης (ανδρείος-ευσταλής),
55. Λεκές (κηλίδα),
56. Λελέκι (πελαργός),
57. Λούκι (υδροσωλήνας),
58. Μαγιά (προζύμη-ζυθοζύμη),
59. Μαγκάλι (πύραυνο),
60. Μαγκούφης (έρημος),
61. Μαϊντανός (πετροσέλινο-μακεδονίσι)
62. Μαντζούνι (φάρμακο),
63. Μαούνα (φορτηγίδα)
64. Μανάβης (οπωροπώλης),
65. Μαράζι (φθίση),
66. Μαραφέτι (μικρό εργαλείο),
67. Μασούρι (μικρό ξύλο),
68. Μαχαλάς (συνοικία),
69. Μεζές (ορεκτικά),
70. Μελτέμι (άνεμος ετησίας),
71. Μενεξές (εύοσμο λουλούδι),
72. Μεντεσές (στρόφιγγα),
73. Μεράκι (πόθος),
74. Μερεμέτι (επισκευή-επιδιόρθωση)
75. Μουσαμάς (κερωμένο-αδιάβροχο ύφασμα),
76. Μουσαφίρης (φιλοξενούμενος-επισκέπτης),
77. Μπαγιάτικο (μη νωπό),
78. Μπαγλαρώνω (δένω-φυλακίζω),
79. Μπαϊράκι (σημαία)
80. Μπακάλης (παντοπώλης),
81. Μπαλτάς (πελέκι),
82. Μπάμια (ιβίσκος ο εδώδιμος),
83. Μπαμπάς (πατέρας),
84. Μπάμπαλης (ο πολύ γέρος),
85. Μπαξές (περιβόλι-κήπος),
86. Μπαρούτι (πυρίτιδα),
87. Μπατζάκι (κνήμη-σκέλη),
88. Μπατζανάκης (σύγαμπρος-συννυφάδα),
89. Μπατίρισα (πτωχεύω-χρεοκοπώ),
90. Μπαχαρικό (αρωματικό άρτυμα),
91. Μπεκρής (μέθυσος),
92. Μπελάς (ενόχληση),
93. Μπινές (κίναιδος-ασελγής)
94. Μπογιά (βαφή-χρώμα),
95. Μπογιατζής (ελαιοχρωματιστής)
96. Μπόι (ανάστημα-ύψος),
97. Μπόλικος (άφθονος)
98. Μπόρα (καταιγίδα)
99. Μπόσικος (χαλαρός),
100. Μποστάνι (λαχανόκηπος),
101. Μπούζι (πάγος-ψύχρα),
102. Μπουλούκι (στίφος-άτακτο πλήθος),
103. Μπουλούκος (καλοθρεμμένος-παχουλός),
104. Μπουνταλάς (κουτός-ανόητος),
105. Μπουντρούμι (φυλακή),
106. Μπουρί (καπνοσωλήνας),
107. Μπούτι (μηρός),
108. Μπούχτισμα (κορεσμός),

109. Νάζι (κάμωμα-φιλαρέσκεια),
110. Νταβαντούρι (σύγχυση)
111. Νταμάρι (φλέβα-λατομείο),
112. Νταμπλάς (αποπληξία),
113. Νταντά (παραμάνα-τροφός),
114. Νταραβέρι (συναλλαγή-αγοραπωλησία) *** Λάθος, το νταραβέρι είναι ιταλικής προέλευσης (dare e avere, δούναι και λαβείν). Το τουρκογενές αντίστοιχο είναι το αλισβερίσι.
115. Ντελάλης (διαλαλητής),
116. Ντελής (παράφρονας),
117. Ντέρτι (καημός)
118. Ντιβάνι (κρεβάτι)
119. Ντιπ για ντιπ (ολωσδιόλου),
120. Ντουβάρι (τοίχος),
121. Ντουλάπι (ιματιοθήκη),
122. Ντουμάνι (καταχνιά-καπνός),
123. Ντουνιάς (κόσμος-ανθρωπότητα),
124. Παζάρι (αγορά-διαπραγμάτευση),
125. Παντζάρι (κοκκινογούλι-τεύτλο),
126. Πατζούρι (παραθυρόφυλλο),
127. Παπούτσι (υπόδημα),
128. Περβάζι (πλαίσιο θυρών),
129. Πιλάφι (ρύζι),
130. Πούστης (κίναιδος-ασελγής)
131. Ραχάτι (ησυχία)
132. Ρουσφέτι (χαριστική εξυπηρέτηση),
133. Σακάτης (ανάπηρος),
134. Σαματάς (θόρυβος),
135. Σεντούκι (κιβώτιο),
136. Σέρτικο (τσουχτερό, βαρύ),
137. Σινάφι (συντεχνία, κοινωνική τάξη),
138. ΣιντριβάνιΙ(πίδακας),
139. Σιρόπι (πυκνόρρευστο διάλυμα ζάχαρης),
140. Σαΐνι (ευφυής),
141. Σοβάς (ασβεστοκονίαμα),
142. Σόι (καταγωγή-γένος),
143. Σοκάκι (δρόμος),
144. Σόμπα (θερμάστρα),
145. Σουγιάς (μαχαιράκι),
146. Σουλούπι (μορφή-σχήμα)

147. Ταβάνι (οροφή),
148. Ταμπλάς (αποπληξία-συγκοπή),
149. Ταπί (χωρίς χρήματα)
150. Ταραμάς (αυγοτάραχο),
151. Τασάκι (σταχτοδοχείο),
152. Ταχίνι (αλεσμένο σουσάμι),
153. Ταψί (μαγειρικό σκεύος),
154. Τεκές (καταγώγιο)
155. Τεμπέλης (οκνηρός-ακαμάτης),
156. Τενεκές (δοχείο),
157. Τερτίπι (τέχνασμα-απάτη),
158. Τεφαρίκι (εκλεκτό-αριστούργημα),
159. Τεφτέρι (κατάστιχο)
160. Τζάκι (παραγώνι),
161. Τζάμι (υαλοπίνακας-γυαλί),
162. Τζάμπα (δωρεάν),
163. Τζαναμπέτης (κακότροπος-δύστροπος),
164. Τόπι (σφαίρα),
165. Τουλούμι (ασκός),
166. Τουλούμπα (αντλία),
167. Τουμπεκί (σιωπή),
168. Τράμπα (ανταλλαγή),
169. Τσαίρι (λιβάδι-βοσκοτόπι),
170. Τσακάλι (θώς),
171. Τσακίρης (γαλανομάτης),
172. Τσακμάκι (αναπτήρας),
173. Τσάντα (δερμάτινη θήκη),
174. Τσαντίρι (σκηνή),
175. Τσαπατσούλης (ανοικοκύρευτος-άτσαλος),
176. Τσάρκα (επιδρομή-περιπλάνηση),
177. Τσαντίζω (εξοργίζω-προσβάλω),
178. Τσαχπίνης (κατεργάρης-πονηρός),
179. Τσέπη (θυλάκιο)
180. Τσιγκέλι (αρπάγη-σιδερένιο άγκιστρο),
181. Τσιγκούνης (φιλάργυρος)
182. Τσιμπούκι (καπνοσύριγγα),
183. Τσιράκι (ακόλουθος),
184. Τσίσα (ούρα)
185. Τσίφτης (άψογος-ικανός) **αυτό είναι μάλλον λάθος, διότι ο τσίφτης πρέπει να πρόερχεται από τα αλβανικά• αντικαταστήστε το με το "τσιφλίκι"
186. Τσιφούτης (φιλάργυρος),
187. Τσομπάνης (βοσκός-ποιμένας)
188. Τσουβάλι (σακί),
189. Τσουλούφι (δέσμη μαλλιών),
190. Τσογλάνι (νέος)
191. Τσοπάνης (βοσκός) Υπάρχει και πιο πάνω, ας βάλω στη θέσητου το τσουρέκι να μη χαλάσει η αρίθμηση
192. Φαράσι (φτυάρι-σκουπιδολόγος),
193. Φαρσί (τέλεια-άπταιστα),
194. Φιντάνι (φυτώριο),
195. Φιστίκι (πιστάκη),
196. Φιτίλι (θρυαλλίδα),
197. Φλιτζάνι (κύπελλο),
198. Φουκαράς (κακομοίρης-άθλιος),
199. Φουντούκι (λεπτοκάρυο-λεφτόκαρο),
200. Φραντζόλα (ψωμί),
201. Χαβάς (μουσικός σκοπός)
202. Χαβούζα (δεξαμενή νερού),
203. Χάζι (ευχαρίστηση),
204. Χαλαλίζω (συγχωρώ),
205. Χάλι (άθλιο),
206. Χαλί (τάπητας),
207. Χαλκάς (κρίκος),
208. Χαμάλης (αχθοφόρος)
209. Χαμπάρια (αγγελία-νέα),
210. Χάνι (πανδοχείο),
211. Χάπι (καταπότι),
212. Χαράμι (άδικα),
213. Χαρμάνης (χασισοπότης),
214. Χαρτζιλίκι (μικρό χρηματικό ποσό),
215. Χασάπικο (κρεοπωλείο),
216. Χατίρι (χάρη),
217. Χαφιές (καταδότης),
218. Χουζούρεμα (ανάπαυση),
219. Χούι (ιδιοτροπία),
220. Χουνέρι (πάθημα-εξαπάτηση

Ο τορπιλισμός του «Φετίχ Μπουλέντ»

Επίδειξη πλούτου από Σαουδάραβα πρίγκιπα -Είδε το πολυτελες γιοτ Ρώσου ολιγάρχη, το αγόρασε αμέσως και τον έδιωξε 

Δεν έχει προηγούμενο αυτό που έκανε ο πρίγκιπας της 

Σαουδικής Αραβίας, Mohammed bin Salman.

Ενώ βρισκόταν σε διακοπές στη Νότια Γαλλία είδε ένα υπεργιοτ μήκους 134

 μέτρων, του άρεσε και αποφάσισε να δώσει επί τόπου 400 εκατομμύρια ευρώ. 

Για να το κάνει δικό του!

Ωστόσο δεν σταμάτησε εκεί την επίδειξη δύναμης και πλούτου, αφού μόλις το 

υπερπολυτελές γιοτ πέρασε στην ιδιοκτησία του, ζήτησε από τον προηγούμενο

 ιδιοκτήτη, τον Ρώσο μεγιστάνα Γιούρι Σέφλερ να το εγκαταλείψει αμέσως!!!

O Ρώσος μεγιστάνας Γιούρι Σέφλερ

Ποιο είναι το υπερπολυτελές γιοτ Serene
Το Serene έχει μήκος 134 μέτρα. Ανάμεσα στα πολυτελή χαρακτηριστικά του τα

 πιο εντυπωσιακά είναι ότι διαθέτει μια «υποβρύχια αίθουσα προβολής», ένα

 εσωτερικό τοίχο αναρρίχησης, παιδότοπο και αρκετά καμπίνες για να

 φιλοξενήσει 24 άτομα, καθώς και 52 μέλη πληρώματος.

• Δήμητρα Παπαδοπούλου, καθηγήτρια Αστικού Δικαίου στο Πανεπιστήμιο Αθηνών,
• Βασίλη Καραποστόλου, καθηγητή Πολιτισμού και Επικοινωνίας στο Παν/μιο Αθηνών
• Λίλιαν Μήτρου, καθηγήτρια στο Tμήμα Μηχανικών Πληροφοριών
• Φανή Πετραλιά, δημοσιογράφος
• Αγγελική Σγώρα, διδάκτωρ δικτύων υπολογιστών στο Πανεπιστήμιο Αιγαίου
• Γιάννης Τζαννετάκος, δημοσιογράφος
• Κωνσταντίνος Τσακίρης, διευθυντής τεχνικών υπηρεσιών ΕΡΤ

[edit]

• 1548 – The city of Nuestra Señora de La Paz (Our Lady of Peace) is founded by Alonso de Mendoza by appointment of the king of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V.
• 1572 – Relief of Goes: Cristóbal de Mondragón, with 3000 soldiers of the Spanish Tercios, relieves the siege of the city.
• 1720 – Caribbean pirate Calico Jack is captured by the Royal Navy.
• 1740 – Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony refuse to honour the Pragmatic Sanction and the War of the Austrian Succession begins.
• 1781 – The Patent of Toleration, providing limited freedom of worship, is approved in Habsburg Monarchy.
• 1803 – The United States Senate ratifies the Louisiana Purchase.
• 1805 – General Mack's army surrenders to Napoleon at Ulm after a few skirmishes.
• 1818 – The Convention of 1818 is signed between the United States and the United Kingdom, which settles the Canada–United States border on the 49th parallel for most of its length.
• 1827 – In the Battle of Navarino, a combined Turkish and Egyptian fleet is defeated by British, French, and Russian naval forces in the last significant battle fought with wooden sailing ships.
• 1873 – Yale, Princeton, Columbia, and Rutgers universities draft the first code of American football rules.
• 1883 – Peru and Chile sign the Treaty of Ancón, by which the Tarapacá province is ceded to the latter, bringing an end to Peru's involvement in the War of the Pacific.
• 1904 – Chile and Bolivia sign the Treaty of Peace and Friendship, delimiting the border between the two countries.
• 1910 – The hull of the RMS Olympic, sister-ship to the ill-fated RMS Titanic, is launched from the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast, Northern Ireland.
• 1935 – The Long March, a mammoth retreat undertaken by the armed forces of the Chinese Communist Party a year prior, ends.
• 1939 – Pope Pius XII publishes his first major encyclical, entitled Summi Pontificatus.
• 1941 – World War II: Thousands of civilians in Kragujevac in German-occupied Serbia are murdered in the Kragujevac massacre.
• 1944 – The Soviet Army and Yugoslav Partisans liberate Belgrade, the capital of Yugoslavia
• 1944 – Liquefied natural gas leaks from storage tanks in Cleveland and then explodes; the explosion and resulting fire level 30 blocks and kill 130.
• 1944 – American general Douglas MacArthur fulfills his promise to return to the Philippines when he commands an Allied assault on the islands, reclaiming them from the Japanese during the Second World War.
• 1946 – Government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam decides that October 20 is Vietnam Women's Day.
• 1947 – The House Un-American Activities Committee begins its investigation into Communist infiltration of Hollywood, resulting in a blacklist that prevents some from working in the industry for years.
• 1947 – The United States of America and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan establish diplomatic relations for the first time.
• 1951 – The "Johnny Bright incident" occurs in Stillwater, Oklahoma
• 1952 – Governor Evelyn Baring declares a state of emergency in Kenya and begins arresting hundreds of suspected leaders of the Mau Mau Uprising, including Jomo Kenyatta, the future first President of Kenya.
• 1961 – The Soviet Union performs the first armed test of a submarine-launched ballistic missile, launching an R-13 from a Golf-class submarine.
• 1962 – People's Republic of China launches simultaneous offensives in Ladakh and across the McMahon Line, igniting the Sino-Indian War.
• 1968 – Former First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy marries Greek shipping tycoon Aristotle Onassis.
• 1970 – Siad Barre declares Somalia a socialist state.
• 1973 – "Saturday Night Massacre": United States President Richard Nixon fires U.S. Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus after they refuse to fire Watergate special prosecutor Archibald Cox, who is finally fired by Robert Bork.
• 1973 – The Sydney Opera House is opened by Elizabeth II after 14 years of construction work.
• 1976 – The ferry George Prince is struck by a ship while crossing the Mississippi River between Destrehan and Luling, Louisiana. Seventy-eight passengers and crew die, and only 18 people aboard the ferry survive.
• 1977 – Rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd's plane crashes.
• 1981 – Two police officers and an armored car guard are killed during an armed robbery in Rockland County, New York, carried out by members of the Black Liberation Army and Weather Underground.
• 1982 – During the UEFA Cup match between FC Spartak Moscow and HFC Haarlem, 66 people are crushed to death in the Luzhniki disaster.
• 1991 – The Oakland Hills firestorm kills 25 and destroys 3,469 homes and apartments, causing more than $2 billion in damage.
• 1991 – A 6.8 M_w earthquake strikes the Uttarkashi region of India, killing more than 1,000 people.
• 2011 – Libyan Civil War: National Transitional Council rebel forces capture ousted Libyan dictator Muammar Gaddafi in his hometown of Sirte and kill him shortly thereafter.

Births[edit]

• 1475 – Giovanni di Bernardo Rucellai Italian poet and playwright (d. 1525)
• 1496 – Claude, Duke of Guise (d. 1550)
• 1616 – Thomas Bartholin, Danish physician, mathematician, and theologian (d. 1680)
• 1620 – Aelbert Cuyp, Dutch painter (d. 1691)
• 1632 – Christopher Wren, English physicist, mathematician, and architect, designed St Paul's Cathedral (d. 1723)
• 1660 – Robert Bertie, 1st Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven, English politician, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (d. 1723)
• 1677 – Stanisław I of Poland (d. 1766)
• 1700 – Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans, French wife of Francesco III d'Este, Duke of Modena (d. 1761)
• 1711 – Timothy Ruggles, American lawyer, jurist, and politician, (d. 1795)
• 1719 – Gottfried Achenwall, German historian, economist, and jurist (d. 1772)
• 1740 – Isabelle de Charrière, Dutch author and poet (d. 1805)
• 1759 – Chauncey Goodrich, American lawyer and politician, 8th Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut (d. 1815)
• 1780 – Pauline Bonaparte, French sister of Napoleon (d. 1825)
• 1784 – Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, English academic and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1865)
• 1785 – George Ormerod, English historian and author (d. 1873)
• 1790 – Patrick Matthew. Scottish farmer and biologist (d. 1874)
• 1801 – Melchior Berri, Swiss architect and educator, designed the Natural History Museum of Basel (d. 1854)
• 1808 – Karl Andree, German geographer and journalist (d. 1875)
• 1819 – Báb, Iranian religious leader, founded Bábism (d. 1850)
• 1819 – Karol Mikuli, Ukrainian-Polish pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 1897)
• 1822 – Thomas Hughes, English lawyer and judge (d. 1896)
• 1832 – Constantin Lipsius, German architect and theorist (d. 1894)
• 1847 – Frits Thaulow, Norwegian painter (d. 1906)
• 1854 – Arthur Rimbaud, French soldier and poet (d. 1891)
• 1858 – John Burns, English union leader and politician, President of the Board of Trade (d. 1943)
• 1859 – John Dewey, American psychologist and philosopher (d. 1952)
• 1864 – James F. Hinkle, American banker and politician, 6th Governor of New Mexico (d. 1951)
• 1873 – Nellie McClung, Canadian politician and activist (d. 1951)
• 1874 – Charles Ives, American composer (d. 1954)
• 1882 – Margaret Dumont, American actress (d. 1965)
• 1882 – Bela Lugosi, Hungarian-American actor (d. 1956)
• 1885 – Jelly Roll Morton, American pianist, composer, and bandleader (Red Hot Peppers and New Orleans Rhythm Kings) (d. 1941)
• 1887 – Prince Yasuhiko Asaka of Japan (d. 1981)
• 1889 – Johann Gruber, Austrian priest and saint (d. 1944)
• 1890 – Aleksander Maaker, Estonian bagpipe player (d. 1968)
• 1891 – Samuel Flagg Bemis, American historian and author (d. 1973)
• 1891 – James Chadwick, English physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1974)
• 1893 – Charley Chase, American actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 1940)
• 1894 – Olive Thomas, American model and actress (d. 1920)
• 1895 – Rex Ingram, American actor (d. 1969)
• 1897 – Yi Un, South Korean general (d. 1970)
• 1900 – Wayne Morse, American lieutenant, lawyer, and politician (d. 1974)
• 1901 – Frank Churchill, American film composer (d. 1942)
• 1901 – Adelaide Hall, American-English singer, actress, and dancer (d. 1993)
• 1904 – Tommy Douglas, Scottish-Canadian minister and politician, 7th Premier of Saskatchewan (d. 1986)
• 1904 – Enolia McMillan, American educator and activist (d. 2006)
• 1904 – Anna Neagle, English actress, singer, and producer (d. 1986)
• 1907 – Arlene Francis, American actress and television personality (d. 2001)
• 1909 – Carla Laemmle, American actress and photographer (d. 2014)
• 1909 – Yasushi Sugiyama, Japanese painter (d. 1993)
• 1910 – Chen Liting, Chinese director and playwright (d. 2013)
• 1910 – Hopper Read, English cricketer (d. 2000)
• 1910 – Bob Sheppard, American sportscaster (d. 2010)
• 1912 – Ruhi Su, Turkish singer-songwriter (d. 1985)
• 1913 – Grandpa Jones, American singer-songwriter and banjo player (d. 1998)
• 1913 – J. Michael Hagopian, Turkish-American director and producer (d. 2010)
• 1914 – Fayard Nicholas, American actor, dancer, and choreographer (d. 2006)
• 1917 – Stéphane Hessel, German-French activist and diplomat (d. 2013)
• 1917 – Jean-Pierre Melville, French actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1973)
• 1918 – Martin Drewes, German soldier and pilot (d. 2013)
• 1918 – Robert Lochner, American-German soldier and journalist (d. 2003)
• 1919 – Tracy Hall, American chemist and academic (d. 2008)
• 1920 – Nick Cardy, American illustrator (d. 2013)
• 1920 – Fanny de Sivers, Estonian-French linguist and academic (d. 2011)
• 1920 – Siddhartha Shankar Ray, Indian lawyer and politician, Chief Minister of West Bengal (d. 2010)
• 1921 – Manny Ayulo, American racing driver (d. 1955)
• 1921 – Hans Warren, Dutch poet and author (d. 2001)
• 1922 – John Anderson, American actor (d. 1992)
• 1922 – Franco Ventriglia, American opera singer (d. 2012)
• 1923 – Robert Craft, American conductor and musicologist (d. 2015)
• 1924 – Robert Peters, American poet, playwright, and critic (d. 2014)
• 1925 – Art Buchwald, American soldier and journalist (d. 2007)
• 1925 – Tom Dowd, American record producer and engineer (d. 2002)
• 1925 – Roger Hanin, Algerian-French actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 2015)
• 1926 – Edward Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 3rd Baron Montagu of Beaulieu, English lieutenant and politician, founded the National Motor Museum (d. 2015)
• 1927 – Joyce Brothers, American psychologist, author, and actress (d. 2013)
• 1927 – Gunturu Seshendra Sarma, Indian poet and critic (d. 2007)
• 1928 – Michael O'Donnell, English physician, author, and journalist
• 1931 – Richard Caliguiri, American lawyer and politician, 54th Mayor of Pittsburgh (d. 1988)
• 1931 – Mickey Mantle, American baseball player and sportscaster (d. 1995)
• 1931 – Ken Morrison, English businessman
• 1932 – Rosey Brown, American football player and coach (d. 2004)
• 1932 – William Christopher, American actor and singer
• 1932 – Rokurō Naya, Japanese voice actor (d. 2014)
• 1933 – Barrie Chase, American actress and dancer
• 1934 – Bill Chase, American trumpet player (d. 1974)
• 1934 – Eddie Harris, American saxophonist (d. 1996)
• 1935 – Jerry Orbach, American actor and singer (d. 2004)
• 1936 – Bobby Seale, American activist, co-founded the Black Panther Party
• 1937 – Cancio Garcia, Filipino lawyer and jurist (d. 2013)
• 1937 – Wanda Jackson, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
• 1937 – Juan Marichal, Dominican baseball player and sportscaster
• 1937 – Emma Tennant, English author
• 1938 – Emidio Greco, Italian director and screenwriter (d. 2012)
• 1938 – Iain Macmillan, Scottish photographer and educator (d. 2006)
• 1939 – Patrick Hughes, English painter, illustrator, and photographer
• 1940 – Kathy Kirby, English singer (d. 2011)
• 1940 – Robert Pinsky, American poet and critic
• 1942 – Earl Hindman, American actor (d. 2003)
• 1942 – Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, German biologist and geneticist, Nobel Prize laureate
• 1942 – Bart Zoet, Dutch cyclist (d. 1992)
• 1943 – Dunja Vejzović, Croatian soprano and actress
• 1944 – Nalin de Silva, Sri Lankan physicist and philosopher
• 1944 – David Mancuso, American party planner, created The Loft
• 1946 – Diana Gittins, American-English sociologist, author, and academic
• 1946 – Lewis Grizzard, American comedian and author (d. 1994)
• 1946 – Elfriede Jelinek, Austrian author and playwright, Nobel Prize laureate
• 1946 – Richard Loncraine, English director and screenwriter
• 1946 – Lucien Van Impe, Belgian cyclist
• 1946 – Chris Woodhead, English civil servant and academic (d. 2015)
• 1948 – Sandra Dickinson, American-English actress and composer
• 1948 – Piet Hein Donner, Dutch jurist and politician, Dutch Minister of Justice
• 1948 – Melih Gökçek, Turkish journalist and politician, Mayor of Ankara
• 1949 – Valeriy Borzov, Ukrainian-Russian sprinter
• 1950 – Tom Petty, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
• 1950 – William Russ, American actor and director
• 1951 – Al Greenwood, American keyboard player
• 1951 – Patrick Hall, English lawyer and politician
• 1951 – Ken Ham, Australian-American evangelist
• 1951 – Leif Pagrotsky, Swedish businessman and politician
• 1951 – Claudio Ranieri, Italian footballer and manager
• 1952 – Melanie Mayron, American actress and director
• 1952 – Derek Ridgers, English photographer and art director
• 1953 – Keith Hernandez, American baseball player and sportscaster
• 1953 – Richard McWilliam, American businessman and philanthropist, co-founded the Upper Deck Company (d. 2013)
• 1953 – Bill Nunn, American actor (d. 2016)
• 1954 – Steve Orich, American composer and conductor
• 1955 – Thomas Newman, American composer and conductor
• 1955 – David Profumo, English author and academic
• 1955 – Aaron Pryor, American boxer
• 1955 – Robert ten Brink, Dutch television host and actor
• 1956 – Danny Boyle, English director, producer, and screenwriter
• 1956 – Martin Taylor, English guitarist
• 1957 – Jane Bonham-Carter, Baroness Bonham-Carter of Yarnbury, English politician
• 1957 – Chris Cowdrey, English cricketer and sportscaster
• 1957 – Hilda Solis, American academic and politician, 25th United States Secretary of Labor
• 1958 – Valerie Faris, American director and producer
• 1958 – Lynn Flewelling, American author and academic
• 1958 – Scott Hall, American wrestler
• 1958 – Mark King, English singer-songwriter and bass player
• 1958 – Dave Krieg, American football player
• 1958 – Viggo Mortensen, American actor and producer
• 1958 – Ivo Pogorelić, Croatian pianist
• 1958 – Eric Scott, American actor
• 1959 – Mark Little, Australian comedian, actor, and screenwriter
• 1959 – Ole Hamre, Norwegian drummer, composer, and producer
• 1959 – Koichi Kawanishi, Japanese drummer
• 1960 – Konstantin Aseev, Russian chess player and trainer (d. 2004)
• 1960 – Lepa Brena, Bosnian singer and actress
• 1961 – Audun Kleive, Norwegian drummer and composer
• 1961 – Kate Mosse, English author and playwright
• 1961 – Ian Rush, Welsh footballer and manager
• 1961 – Les Stroud, Canadian director, producer, and harmonica player
• 1961 – Michie Tomizawa, Japanese voice actress and singer
• 1962 – David M. Evans, American director and screenwriter
• 1962 – Dave Wong, Hong Kong-Taiwanese singer-songwriter and actor
• 1963 – Julie Payette, Canadian engineer and astronaut
• 1963 – Nikos Tsiantakis, Greek footballer
• 1963 – Stan Valckx, Dutch footballer and manager
• 1964 – Kamala Harris, American lawyer and politician, 32nd Attorney General of California
• 1964 – Jim Sonefeld, American drummer
• 1964 – Tomoko Yamaguchi, Japanese actress and singer
• 1965 – Norman Blake, Scottish singer-songwriter and guitarist
• 1965 – Mikhail Shtalenkov, Russian ice hockey player
• 1965 – William Zabka, American actor and producer
• 1966 – Fred Coury, American drummer
• 1966 – Allan Donald, South African cricketer and coach
• 1966 – Stefan Raab, German comedian, singer-songwriter, producer, and television host
• 1966 – Patrick Volkerding, American computer scientist and engineer, founded Slackware
• 1967 – Elizabeth Carling, English actress and singer
• 1967 – Luck Mervil, Haitian-Canadian singer-songwriter and actor
• 1967 – Kerrod Walters, Australian rugby league player
• 1967 – Kevin Walters, Australian rugby league player and coach
• 1968 – Susan Tully, English actress, director, and producer
• 1969 – Laurie Daley, Australian rugby league player and coach
• 1969 – Juan González, Puerto Rican-American baseball player
• 1969 – Labros Papakostas, Greek high jumper
• 1970 – Sander Boschker, Dutch footballer
• 1970 – Neil Heywood, English-Chinese businessman (d. 2011)
• 1970 – Aapo Ilves, Estonian poet and illustrator
• 1970 – Michelle Malkin, American blogger and author
• 1971 – Snoop Dogg, American rapper, producer, and actor
• 1971 – Eddie Jones, American basketball player
• 1971 – Kamiel Maase, Dutch runner
• 1971 – Dannii Minogue, Australian singer-songwriter and actress
• 1972 – Pie Geelen, Dutch swimmer
• 1972 – Will Greenwood, English rugby player and sportscaster
• 1972 – Brian Schatz, American academic and politician, 11th Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii
• 1974 – Bashar Rahal, Emirati-American actor and producer
• 1976 – Nikolaos Bacharidis, Greek footballer
• 1976 – Dan Fogler, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter
• 1976 – Nicola Legrottaglie, Italian footballer and manager
• 1977 – Matt Jansen, English footballer and manager
• 1977 – Leila Josefowicz, Canadian-American violinist
• 1977 – Erko Saviauk, Estonian footballer
• 1977 – Samuel Witwer, American actor and singer
• 1978 – Virender Sehwag, Indian cricketer
• 1978 – Paul Wilson, Scottish bass player and songwriter
• 1979 – Vasyl Baranov, Ukrainian footballer
• 1979 – Paul Ifill, English footballer
• 1979 – John Krasinski, American actor, director, and producer
• 1979 – Paul O'Connell, Irish rugby player
• 1979 – Paul Terek, American decathlete
• 1979 – Nargis Fakhri, American model and actress
• 1980 – Gary Jarman, English singer-songwriter and bass player
• 1980 – Niall Matter, Canadian actor
• 1980 – Chad Robinson, Australian rugby league player
• 1980 – José Veras, Dominican baseball player
• 1981 – Dimitris Papadopoulos, Greek footballer
• 1981 – Francisco Javier Rodríguez, Mexican footballer
• 1982 – Kristian Bak Nielsen, Danish footballer
• 1982 – Becky Brewerton, Welsh golfer
• 1982 – Katie Featherston, American actress
• 1983 – Flavio Cipolla, Italian tennis player
• 1983 – Luis Saritama, Ecuadorian footballer
• 1983 – Michel Vorm, Dutch footballer
• 1983 – Takayuki Yamada, Japanese actor and singer
• 1984 – Mitch Lucker, American singer-songwriter (d. 2012)
• 1984 – Florent Sinama Pongolle, French footballer
• 1984 – Andrew Trimble, Irish rugby player
• 1985 – Jennifer Freeman, American actress
• 1985 – Dominic McGuire, American basketball player
• 1985 – Alphonso Smith, American football player
• 1985 – James Sutton, English race car driver
• 1986 – Wanlop Saechio, Thai footballer
• 1986 – Elyse Taylor, Australian model
• 1987 – Raphael Hackl, German rugby player
• 1988 – Ma Long, Chinese table tennis player
• 1988 – Risa Niigaki, Japanese singer and actress
• 1988 – Candice Swanepoel, South African model
• 1989 – Jess Glynne, English singer-songwriter
• 1989 – Colin Wilson, Canadian-American ice hockey player
• 1990 – Sam Mataora, Cook Islands rugby league player
• 1992 – Mattia De Sciglio, Italian footballer
• 1992 – John Egan, Irish footballer
• 1992 – Kristian Ipsen, American diver
• 1992 – Liis Lemsalu, Estonian singer
• 1992 – Ksenia Semyonova, Russian gymnast
• 1992 – Ferhat Yazgan, Turkish footballer
• 1994 – Morgan Featherstone, Australian model
• 1994 – Corey Oates, Australian rugby league player

Deaths[edit]

• 460 – Aelia Eudocia, Byzantine wife of Theodosius II (b. 401)
• 1139 – Henry X, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1108)
• 1524 – Thomas Linacre, English physician and scholar (b. 1460)
• 1570 – João de Barros, Portuguese historian and author (b. 1496)
• 1631 – Michael Maestlin, German astronomer and mathematician (b. 1550)
• 1640 – John Ball, English clergyman and theologian (b. 1585)
• 1652 – Antonio Coello, Spanish poet and playwright (b. 1611)
• 1713 – Archibald Pitcairne, Scottish physician and academic (b. 1652)
• 1740 – Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1685)
• 1842 – Grace Darling, English heroine (b. 1815)
• 1865 – Champ Ferguson, American guerrilla leader (b. 1821)
• 1870 – Michael William Balfe, Irish violinist and composer (b. 1808)
• 1871 – Karl Christian Ulmann, Latvian-German theologian and academic (b. 1793)
• 1890 – Richard Francis Burton, English-Italian geographer and explorer (b. 1821)
• 1900 – Naim Frashëri, Albanian poet and translator (b. 1846)
• 1910 – David B. Hill, American lawyer and politician, 29th Governor of New York (b. 1843)
• 1926 – Eugene V. Debs, American union leader and politician (b. 1855)
• 1935 – Arthur Henderson, Scottish-English politician, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1863)
• 1936 – Anne Sullivan, American educator (b. 1866)
• 1940 – Gunnar Asplund, Swedish architect and academic, co-designed Skogskyrkogården (b. 1885)
• 1941 – Ken Farnes, English cricketer and soldier (b. 1911)
• 1950 – Henry L. Stimson, American colonel, lawyer, and politician, 46th United States Secretary of State (b. 1867)
• 1953 – Werner Baumbach, German colonel and pilot (b. 1916)
• 1957 – Michalis Dorizas, Greek-American javelin thrower and football player (b. 1890)
• 1964 – Herbert Hoover, American engineer and politician, 31st President of the United States (b. 1874)
• 1967 – Shigeru Yoshida, Japanese politician and diplomat, 32nd Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1878)
• 1968 – Bud Flanagan, English actor, singer, and screenwriter (b. 1896)
• 1972 – Harlow Shapley, American astronomer and academic (b. 1885)
• 1977 – Cassie Gaines, American singer (b. 1948)
• 1977 – Steve Gaines, American guitarist (b. 1949)
• 1977 – Ronnie Van Zant, American singer-songwriter (b. 1948)
• 1978 – Gunnar Nilsson, Swedish race car driver (b. 1948)
• 1983 – Peter Dudley, English actor (b. 1935)
• 1983 – Yves Thériault, Canadian author (b. 1915)
• 1983 – Merle Travis, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1917)
• 1984 – Carl Ferdinand Cori, Czech-American biochemist and pharmacologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1896)
• 1984 – Paul Dirac, English-American physicist and mathematician, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1902)
• 1987 – Andrey Kolmogorov, Russian mathematician and academic (b. 1903)
• 1988 – Sheila Scott, English pilot and author (b. 1922)
• 1989 – Anthony Quayle, English actor and director (b. 1913)
• 1990 – Joel McCrea, American actor and singer (b. 1905)
• 1992 – Werner Torkanowsky, German-American conductor (b. 1926)
• 1993 – Yasushi Sugiyama, Japanese painter (b. 1909)
• 1994 – Burt Lancaster, American actor (b. 1913)
• 1995 – Christopher Stone, American actor, director, and screenwriter (b. 1942)
• 1999 – Calvin Griffith, Canadian-American businessman (b. 1911)
• 1999 – Jack Lynch, Irish footballer, lawyer, and politician, 5th Taoiseach of Ireland (b. 1917)
• 2001 – Ted Ammon, American financier and banker (b. 1949)
• 2002 – Barbara Berjer, American actress (b. 1920)
• 2002 – Bernard Fresson, French actor (b. 1931)
• 2003 – Čkalja, Serbian actor and singer (b. 1924)
• 2003 – Jack Elam, American actor (b. 1918)
• 2004 – Anthony Hecht, American poet and educator (b. 1923)
• 2004 – Chuck Hiller, American baseball player, coach, and manager (b. 1934)
• 2005 – Shirley Horn, American singer and pianist (b. 1934)
• 2005 – Eva Švankmajerová, Czech painter and poet (b. 1940)
• 2005 – André van der Louw, Dutch lawyer and politician, 16th Mayor of Rotterdam (b. 1933)
• 2006 – Arnold Viiding, Estonian shot putter and discus thrower (b. 1911)
• 2006 – Jane Wyatt, American actress (b. 1910)
• 2007 – Max McGee, American football player and sportscaster (b. 1932)
• 2007 – Paul Raven, English bass player (b. 1961)
• 2008 – Gene Hickerson, American football player (b. 1935)
• 2010 – Bob Guccione, American publisher, founded Penthouse magazine (b. 1930)
• 2010 – Eva Ibbotson, Austrian-English author (b. 1925)
• 2010 – Max Kohnstamm, Dutch historian and diplomat (b. 1914)
• 2010 – Farooq Leghari, Pakistani politician, 8th President of Pakistan (b. 1940)
• 2011 – Muammar Gaddafi, Libyan colonel and politician, Prime Minister of Libya (b. 1942)
• 2011 – Mutassim Gaddafi, Libyan colonel (b. 1977)
• 2011 – Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr, Libyan politician (b. 1942)
• 2012 – Przemysław Gintrowski, Polish poet and composer (b. 1951)
• 2012 – Paul Kurtz, American philosopher and academic (b. 1925)
• 2012 – Dave May, American baseball player (b. 1943)
• 2012 – John McConnell, American activist, created Earth Day (b. 1915)
• 2012 – E. Donnall Thomas, American physician and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1920)
• 2012 – Raymond Watson, American businessman (b. 1926)
• 2013 – Leon Ashley, American singer-songwriter (b. 1936)
• 2013 – Jovanka Broz, Croatian-Serbian colonel (b. 1924)
• 2013 – Don James, American football player and coach (b. 1932)
• 2013 – Lawrence Klein, American economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1920)
• 2013 – Joginder Singh, Kenyan race car driver (b. 1932)
• 2013 – Larri Thomas, American actress and dancer (b. 1932)
• 2013 – Sid Yudain, American journalist, founded Roll Call (b. 1923)
• 2014 – René Burri, Swiss photographer and journalist (b. 1933)
• 2014 – Oscar de la Renta, Dominican-American fashion designer (b. 1932)
• 2014 – Christophe de Margerie, French businessman (b. 1951)
• 2014 – Gary Plauche, American murderer (b. 1945)
• 2015 – Makis Dendrinos, Greek basketball player and coach (b. 1950)
• 2015 – Arno Gruen, German-Swiss psychologist and psychoanalyst (b. 1923)
• 2015 – Kazimierz Łaski, Polish-Austrian economist and academic (b. 1921)
• 2015 – Michael Meacher, English academic and politician, Secretary of State for the Environment, Transport and the Regions (b. 1939)
• 2015 – Ian Steel, Scottish cyclist and manager (b. 1928)

Michelle Obama: First lady's final 

state dinner is 'bittersweet'

Image copyrightGETTY IMAGES

It was described as a "bittersweet moment" as Barack and Michelle Obama appeared on Tuesday for the final state dinner of the US president's time in office.

"We saved the best for last," Mr Obama said, as the couple welcomed Italian Prime Minister Matteo Renzi and his wife Agnese Landini to the White House. 

The event, attended by guests from the worlds of politics, finance and fashion, was one of the largest of Mr Obama's eight years as president.

• 
  

It was Mrs Obama, however, who quickly became the focus of attention on social media after appearing in a rose gold Atelier Versace gown.

Image copyrightTWITTER

Image copyrightTWITTER

Her choice of dress was likely to have been a deliberate nod to her Italian friends and a celebration of the close relationship between the two nations.

The First Lady has a history of attending events garbed in outfits created by fashion designers with links to the US. 

It has been a busy month for Mrs Obama, the first African-American First Lady who has had a strong political presence in her eight years at the White House.

Last week she delivered an emotional speech in New Hampshire condemning Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump over his treatment of women.

The speech, in which she described how Mr Trump's behaviour had "shaken me to my core", resulted in calls for her to run for the presidency.

Public urged to help save

 Oz's ruby slippers

Image copyrightAP

A crowd-funding campaign has been launched to save the famous ruby slippers of the Wizard of Oz movie.

Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History is appealing to help raise $300,000 (£250,000) for the restoration of Dorothy's magic shoes. 

The slippers, worn by Judy Garland in the film, were made almost 80 years ago by the MGM Studios prop department.

The slippers remain one of the most viewed items at the Washington museum. 

But age has taken its toll and they have turned from a sparkling red to a dull brown.

The funds raised by the Kickstarter campaign will be used for immediate conservation care and a new, state-of-the-art display case designed to protect them from environmental harm and slow their deterioration. 

Future plans include moving the ruby slippers into a new exhibition on American popular culture, scheduled to open in 2018. 

Image copyrightAP

"This particular pair of ruby slippers really belongs to the American people, and so we thought as we sought support that we would invite the public to join us on this journey to help preserve them for the next generation," said museum spokeswoman Melinda Machado. 

The shoes contain a dozen different materials. The sequins are made of gelatin with a primitive plastic coating, and their red colour has faded because the coating has flaked off, partly due to the effects of light and moisture. 

"We're going to have to do a lot of scientific research to come up with a treatment plan that is compatible with all of the different materials," added Ms Machado. 

The shoes also include glass beads and red felt on the soles that was used to muffle their sound when Garland wore them during dance sequences. 

As of Tuesday afternoon, donors had already pledged nearly $80,000 (£65,000) on Kickstarter. 

If the museum does not reach its $300,000 goal in 30 days, no one will be charged. 

This is the Smithsonian's second Kickstarter campaign. In 2015, the National Air and Space Museum raised $700,000 (£570,000) through the crowd-funding site to preserve the spacesuit that Neil Armstrong wore when he walked on the moon.

Funky Gourmet: Το εστιατόριο 

στον Κεραμεικό που μπήκε στα 20 

καλύτερα του κόσμου 

Για τέταρτη συνεχόμενη χρονιά το Funky Gourmet, στον

 Κεραμεικό βρίσκεται ανάμεσα στα καλύτερα εστιατόρια της

 Ευρώπης και του κόσμου, σύμφωνα με το κοινό του 

παγκόσμιου οδηγού TripAdvisor.

Οι πιο συστηματικοί εκφραστές της πρωτοποριακής techno-motional 

γαστρονομίας στην Αθήνα, Γεωργιάννα Χειλιαδάκη και Νίκος Ρούσος 

επιβραβεύονται και φέτος από τους χρήστες του οδηγού με το βραβευμένο

 Funky Gourmet να βρίσκεται στη 12η και 16η θέση στην Ευρώπη και τον κόσμο 

αντίστοιχα.

Στην κορυφή της λίστας βρίσκεται ξανά το Martin Berasategui στη Lasarte 

της Ισπανίας και ακολουθούν το Maison Lameloise στο Chagny της Γαλλίας 

και το L’Auberge de l’ill στο Illhaeusern, επίσης στη Γαλλία.

• Funky Gourmet 

Πάνω σε ένα πεζόδρομο στο Μεταξουργείο, ανάμεσα σε λοφτ, θέατρα, υπέροχες

 παλιές αστικές αυλές αλλά και συνεργεία αυτοκινήτων βρίσκεται το Funky 

Gourmet όπου πραγματικά το φαγητό γίνεται γαστρονονομικό παιχνίδι,

 δημιουργία τέχνης, απόλαυση και εμπειρία. Προφανώς όλα αυτά εκτιμήθηκαν

 από τα εκατομμύρια χρηστών του trip advisor που το κατέταξαν στα

 κορυφαία από πόλεις όπως το Παρίσι και η Νέα Υόρκη (προσκυνήματα

 της γαστρονομίας).

Στο Funky Gourmet πρέπει να χτυπήσεις το κουδούνι πριν μπεις στο

 νεοκλασικό διόροφο κτήριο όπου οι επισκέπτες γεύονται αυθεντικές γεύσεις

 της λεγόμενης technomotional γαστρονομίας στην Αθήνα. Δεν είναι τυχαίο ότι 

έχει και αστέρια Michelin...

Η Γεωργιάννα Χιλιαδάκη και ο Νίκος Ρούσσος έχουν δημιουργήσει μια μοναδική

 ατμόσφαιρα που σου δίνει την αίσθηση ότι δειπνείς σε ένα σπίτι, με εκλεκτές 

πρώτες ύλες σε απρόβλεπτους συνδυασμούς (π.χ. Φουα γκρα ριγανάτο σαγανάκι!).

 Το μενού είναι πιστό στο όνομα που υπόσχεται μια μαγειρική ταυτόχρονα funky

 αλλά και gourmet. 

Το Funky Gourmet άνοιξε για πρώτη φορά τις πόρτες του στο κοινό τον

 Νοέμβριο του 2009, σε μια μικρή μονοκατοικία στον Κεραμεικό, με βασικό του

 στόχο να δημιουργήσει γεύσεις funky και gourmet, υψηλής γαστρονομίας που

 όμως, εξιτάρουν τον ουρανίσκο και αλληλεπιδρούν με τον επισκέπτη.

Παραμυθιάς 13 και Σαλαμίνος, Κεραμεικός, Κέντρο -Tηλέφωνο 21 0524 2727