• 63 BC – Cicero gives the fourth and final of the Catiline Orations.
• 633 – Fourth Council of Toledo takes place.
• 1082 – Ramon Berenguer II, Count of Barcelona is assassinated.
• 1408 – Emir Edigu of Golden Horde reaches Moscow.
• 1484 – Pope Innocent VIII issues the Summis desiderantes affectibus, a papal bull that deputizes Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger as inquisitors to root out alleged witchcraft in Germany.
• 1492 – Christopher Columbus becomes the first European to set foot on the island of Hispaniola (now Haiti and the Dominican Republic).
• 1496 – King Manuel I of Portugal issues a decree of expulsion of "heretics" from the country.
• 1757 – Seven Years' War: Battle of Leuthen – Frederick II of Prussia leads Prussian forces to a decisive victory over Austrian forces under Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine.
• 1766 – In London, James Christie holds his first sale.
• 1775 – At Fort Ticonderoga, Henry Knox begins his historic transport of artillery to Cambridge, Massachusetts.
• 1815 – Foundation of Maceió, Brazil.
• 1831 – Former U.S. President John Quincy Adams takes his seat in the House of Representatives.
• 1847 – Jefferson Davis is elected to the U.S. senate.
• 1848 – California Gold Rush: In a message to the United States Congress, U.S. President James K. Polk confirms that large amounts of gold had been discovered in California.
• 1865 – Chincha Islands War: Peru allies with Chile against Spain.
• 1876 – The Brooklyn Theater Fire kills at least 278 people in Brooklyn, New York.
• 1916 – British premier H. H. Asquith resigns from his post.
• 1920 – Dimitrios Rallis forms a government in Greece.
• 1931 – Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow was destroyed by an order of Joseph Stalin.
• 1932 – German-born Swiss physicist Albert Einstein is granted an American visa.
• 1933 – Prohibition in the United States ends: Utah becomes the 36th U.S. state to ratify the Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution, thus establishing the required 75% of states needed to enact the amendment. (This overturned the 18th Amendment which had made the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol illegal in the United States.)
• 1934 – Abyssinia Crisis: Italian troops attack Wal Wal in Abyssinia, taking four days to capture the city.
• 1936 – The Soviet Union adopts a new constitution and the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic is established as a full Union Republic of the USSR.
• 1941 – World War II: In the Battle of Moscow, Georgy Zhukov launches a massive Soviet counter-attack against the German army, with the biggest offensive launched against Army Group Centre.
• 1941 – World War II: Great Britain declares war on Finland, Hungary and Romania.
• 1943 – World War II: Allied air forces begin attacking Germany's secret weapons bases in Operation Crossbow.
• 1945 – Flight 19 is lost in the Bermuda Triangle.
• 1952 – Great Smog: A cold fog descends upon London, combining with air pollution and killing at least 12,000 in the weeks and months that follow.
• 1955 – The American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations merge and form the AFL–CIO.
• 1955 – E. D. Nixon and Rosa Parks lead the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
• 1957 – Sukarno expels all Dutch people from Indonesia.
• 1958 – Subscriber Trunk Dialling (STD) is inaugurated in the United Kingdom by Queen Elizabeth II when she speaks to the Lord Provost in a call from Bristol to Edinburgh.
• 1958 – The Preston By-pass, the UK's first stretch of motorway, opens to traffic for the first time. (It is now part of the M6 and M55 motorways.)
• 1964 – Vietnam War: For his heroism in battle earlier in the year, Captain Roger Donlon is awarded the first Medal of Honor of the war.
• 1964 – Lloyd J. Old discovered the first linkage between the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and disease—mouse leukemia—opening the way for the recognition of the importance of the MHC in the immune response.
• 1969 – The four node ARPANET network is established.
• 1977 – Egypt breaks diplomatic relations with Syria, Libya, Algeria, Iraq and South Yemen. The move is in retaliation for the Declaration of Tripoli against Egypt.
• 1978 – The Soviet Union signs a "friendship treaty" with the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.
• 1983 – Dissolution of the Military Junta in Argentina.
• 1993 – The mayor of Vienna, Helmut Zilk, is injured by a letter bomb.
• 1995 – Sri Lankan Civil War: The Sri Lankan government announces the conquest of the Tamil stronghold of Jaffna.
• 2004 – The Civil Partnership Act comes into effect in the United Kingdom, and the first civil partnership is registered there.
• 2005 – The Lake Tanganyika earthquake causes significant damage, mostly in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
• 2006 – Commodore Frank Bainimarama overthrows the government in Fiji.
• 2007 – Westroads Mall shooting: A gunman opens fire with a semi-automatic rifle at an Omaha, Nebraska, mall, killing eight people before taking his own life.
• 2012 – At least 8 people are killed and 12 others injured after a 5.6 earthquake strikes Iran's South Khorasan Province.
• 2013 – Militants attack a Defense Ministry compound in Sana'a, Yemen, killing at least 56 people and injuring 200 others.
• 2014 – The first flight test of NASA's Orion spacecraft launches successfully.

Births[edit]

• 852 – Zhu Wen, Chinese emperor (d. 912)
• 1377 – Jianwen Emperor of China (d. 1402)
• 1443 – Pope Julius II (d. 1513)
• 1495 – Nicolas Cleynaerts, Flemish philologist and lexicographer (d. 1542)
• 1537 – Ashikaga Yoshiaki, Japanese shogun (d. 1597)
• 1539 – Fausto Sozzini, Italian theologian and author (d. 1604)
• 1547 – Ubbo Emmius, Dutch historian and geographer (d. 1625)
• 1595 – Henry Lawes, English composer (d. 1662)
• 1661 – Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer, English politician, Secretary of State for the Northern Department (d. 1724)
• 1666 – Francesco Scarlatti, Italian violinist and composer (d. 1741)
• 1687 – Francesco Geminiani, Italian violinist and composer (d. 1762)
• 1697 – Giuseppe de Majo, Italian organist and composer (d. 1771)
• 1782 – Martin Van Buren, American lawyer and politician, 8th President of the United States (d. 1862)
• 1784 – George Shepherd, English draughtsman and watercolour painter (d. 1862)
• 1803 – Fyodor Tyutchev, Russian poet and diplomat (d. 1873)
• 1820 – Afanasy Fet, Russian poet and author (d. 1892)
• 1822 – Elizabeth Cabot Agassiz, American philosopher and academic, co-founded Radcliffe College (d. 1907)
• 1829 – Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière, French-Canadian politician, 4th Premier of Quebec (d. 1908)
• 1830 – Christina Rossetti, English poet and author (d. 1894)
• 1839 – George Armstrong Custer, American general (d. 1876)
• 1841 – Marcus Daly, Irish-American businessman (d. 1900)
• 1855 – Clinton Hart Merriam, American zoologist, ornithologist, entomologist, and ethnographer (d. 1942)
• 1859 – John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe, English admiral and politician, 2nd Governor-General of New Zealand (d. 1935)
• 1863 – Paul Painlevé, French mathematician and politician, 84th Prime Minister of France (d. 1933)
• 1866 – Traian Demetrescu, Romanian poet and novelist (d. 1896)
• 1867 – Antti Aarne, Finnish author and academic (d. 1925)
• 1867 – Józef Piłsudski, Polish field marshal and politician, 15th Prime Minister of Poland (d. 1935)
• 1868 – Arnold Sommerfeld, German physicist and academic (d. 1951)
• 1869 – Ellis Parker Butler, American author and poet (d. 1937)
• 1870 – Vítězslav Novák, Czech composer and educator (d. 1949)
• 1871 – Bill Pickett, American rodeo performer (d. 1932)
• 1872 – Harry Nelson Pillsbury, American chess player (d. 1906)
• 1875 – Arthur Currie, Canadian general (d. 1933)
• 1879 – Clyde Vernon Cessna, American pilot and businessman, founded the Cessna Aircraft Corporation (d. 1954)
• 1881 – René Cresté, French actor and director (d. 1922)
• 1886 – Pieter Oud, Dutch historian, academic, and politician, Minister of Finance of the Netherlands (d. 1968)
• 1886 – Rose Wilder Lane, American journalist and author (d. 1968)
• 1890 – David Bomberg, English painter, illustrator, and academic (d. 1957)
• 1890 – Fritz Lang, Austrian-American director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1976)
• 1891 – Paul Kogerman, Estonian chemist and academic (d. 1951)
• 1894 – Charles Robberts Swart, South African lawyer and politician, 1st State President of South Africa (d. 1982)
• 1895 – Elbert Frank Cox, American mathematician and academic (d. 1969)
• 1896 – Ann Nolan Clark, American historian, author, and educator (d. 1995)
• 1896 – Carl Ferdinand Cori, Czech-American biochemist and pharmacologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1984)
• 1897 – Nunnally Johnson, American director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1977)
• 1897 – Gershom Scholem, German-Israeli philosopher and historian (d. 1982)
• 1898 – Josh Malihabadi, Indian-Pakistani poet and translator (d. 1982)
• 1898 – Grace Moore, American soprano and actress (d. 1947)
• 1900 – Jimmy Dimmock, English footballer (d. 1972)
• 1901 – Walt Disney, American animator, director, producer, and screenwriter, co-founded The Walt Disney Company (d. 1966)
• 1901 – Milton H. Erickson, American psychiatrist and author (d. 1980)
• 1901 – Werner Heisenberg, German physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1976)
• 1901 – Marjorie Eaton, American painter and actress (d. 1986)
• 1902 – Emeric Pressburger, Hungarian-English director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1988)
• 1902 – Strom Thurmond, American educator, general, and politician, 103rd Governor of South Carolina (d. 2003)
• 1903 – Johannes Heesters, Dutch-German actor and singer (d. 2011)
• 1903 – C. F. Powell, English-Italian physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1969)
• 1905 – Gus Mancuso, American baseball player, coach, and sportscaster (d. 1984)
• 1906 – Otto Preminger, Austrian-American actor, director, and producer (d. 1986)
• 1907 – Lin Biao, Chinese general and politician, 2nd Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China (d. 1971)
• 1907 – Giuseppe Occhialini, Italian-French physicist and academic (d. 1993)
• 1909 – Musashiyama Takeshi, Japanese sumo wrestler (d. 1969)
• 1910 – Abraham Polonsky, American director and screenwriter (d. 1999)
• 1911 – Władysław Szpilman, Polish pianist and composer (d. 2000)
• 1912 – Sonny Boy Williamson II, American singer-songwriter and harmonica player (d. 1965)
• 1913 – Esther Borja, Cuban soprano and actress (d. 2013)
• 1914 – Hans Hellmut Kirst, German lieutenant and author (d. 1989)
• 1916 – Margaret Hayes, American actress (d. 1977)
• 1916 – Hilary Koprowski, Polish-American virologist and immunologist, created the world's first effective live polio vaccine (d. 2013)
• 1916 – Walt McPherson, American basketball player and coach (d. 2013)
• 1917 – Ken Downing, English race car driver (d. 2004)
• 1917 – Wenche Foss, Norwegian actress (d. 2011)
• 1919 – Alun Gwynne Jones, Baron Chalfont, English historian and politician
• 1921 – Alvy Moore, American actor and producer (d. 1997)
• 1922 – Casey Ribicoff, American philanthropist and socialite (d. 2011)
• 1924 – Robert Sobukwe, South African politician (d. 1978)
• 1925 – Anastasio Somoza Debayle, Nicaraguan politician, 73rd President of Nicaragua (d. 1980)
• 1927 – Bhumibol Adulyadej, Thai king
• 1929 – Stanisław Bareja, Polish director (d. 1987)
• 1929 – Madis Kõiv, Estonian physicist, philosopher, and author (d. 2014)
• 1931 – Ladislav Novák, Czech footballer and manager (d. 2011)
• 1932 – Alf Dubs, Baron Dubs, Czech-English politician
• 1932 – Sheldon Lee Glashow, American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate
• 1932 – Jim Hurtubise, American race car driver (d. 1989)
• 1932 – Little Richard, American singer-songwriter, pianist, and actor
• 1933 – Gennadiy Agapov, Russian race walker (d. 1999)
• 1934 – Joan Didion, American author and screenwriter
• 1934 – Nikos Kourkoulos, Greek actor and director (d. 2007)
• 1935 – Marise Chamberlain, New Zealand runner
• 1935 – Calvin Trillin, American journalist, author, and poet
• 1935 – Yury Vlasov, Ukrainian-Russian weightlifter and politician
• 1936 – James Lee Burke, American journalist, author, and academic
• 1938 – JJ Cale, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (Leathercoated Minds) (d. 2013)
• 1938 – J.D. McDuffie, American race car driver (d. 1991)
• 1939 – Minita Chico-Nazario, Filipino lawyer and jurist
• 1940 – Boris Ignatyev, Russian footballer and manager
• 1940 – Peter Pohl, Swedish author, director, and screenwriter
• 1940 – Adrian Street, Welsh wrestler and actor
• 1940 – Frank Wilson, American singer-songwriter and producer (d. 2012)
• 1943 – Eva Joly, Norwegian-French judge and politician
• 1943 – Andrew Yeom Soo-jung, South Korean priest, 5th Archbishop of Seoul
• 1944 – Jeroen Krabbé, Dutch actor, director, and producer
• 1944 – Loukas Sideras, Greek drummer and producer (Aphrodite's Child)
• 1945 – Serge Chapleau, Canadian cartoonist
• 1945 – Moshe Katsav, Iranian-Israeli educator and politician, 8th President of Israel
• 1946 – José Carreras, Spanish tenor and actor
• 1946 – Andy Kim, Canadian singer-songwriter
• 1946 – Sarel van der Merwe, South African race car driver
• 1947 – Bruce Golding, Jamaican politician, 8th Prime Minister of Jamaica
• 1947 – Tony Gregory, Irish educator and politician (d. 2009)
• 1947 – Jim Messina, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (Buffalo Springfield, Loggins and Messina, and Poco)
• 1947 – Jim Plunkett, American football player and radio host
• 1947 – Don Touhig, Welsh journalist and politician
• 1947 – Rick Wills, English bass player (Foreigner, Small Faces, Bad Company, Jokers Wild, and The Jones Gang)
• 1947 – Rudy Fernandez, Filipino triathlete
• 1949 – John Altman, English composer and conductor
• 1949 – David Manning, English diplomat, British Ambassador to the United States
• 1949 – Abdullah Senussi, Sudanese-Libyan general
• 1950 – Camarón de la Isla, Spanish singer and guitarist (d. 1992)
• 1950 – James Knaggs, American Salvation Army officer
• 1951 – Morgan Brittany, American actress
• 1951 – Link Byfield, Canadian journalist and author (d. 2015)
• 1951 – Anne-Mie van Kerckhoven, Belgian painter and illustrator
• 1951 – Larry Zbyszko, American wrestler
• 1952 – Bobby Barth, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (Blackfoot)
• 1953 – Sachiko Kobayashi, Japanese singer and voice actress
• 1953 – Gwen Lister, South African-Namibian journalist, publisher, and activist
• 1954 – Hanif Kureishi, English author and playwright
• 1954 – Gary Roenicke, American baseball player
• 1955 – Miyuki Kawanaka, Japanese singer
• 1955 – Juha Tiainen, Finnish hammer thrower (d. 2003)
• 1956 – Klaus Allofs, German footballer and manager
• 1956 – Brian Backer, American actor
• 1956 – Adam Thorpe, French-English author, poet, and playwright
• 1956 – Krystian Zimerman, Polish pianist and educator
• 1957 – Raquel Argandoña, Chilean model, actress, and politician
• 1957 – Patriz Ilg, German runner
• 1957 – Art Monk, American football player
• 1958 – Dean Erickson, American actor
• 1958 – Dynamite Kid, English wrestler
• 1959 – Lee Chapman, English footballer
• 1959 – Oleksandr Yaroslavsky, Ukrainian businessman
• 1960 – Frans Adelaar, Dutch footballer and manager
• 1960 – Osvaldo Golijov, Argentinian-American composer and educator
• 1960 – Jack Russell, American singer-songwriter and producer (Great White)
• 1960 – Matthew Taylor, English politician
• 1961 – Ralf Dujmovits, German mountaineer
• 1961 – Sophia Vossou, Greek singer and producer
• 1961 – Laura Flanders, English broadcast journalist
• 1962 – José Cura, Argentinian tenor, conductor, and director
• 1962 – Pablo Morales, American swimmer and coach
• 1962 – Nivek Ogre, Canadian singer-songwriter and actor (Skinny Puppy, ohGr, Ministry, and Rx)
• 1962 – Samart Payakaroon, Thai boxer, actor, and singer
• 1962 – Fred Rutten, Dutch footballer and manager
• 1963 – Doctor Dré, American television and radio host
• 1963 – Eddie "The Eagle" Edwards, English ski jumper
• 1963 – Ty England, American singer and guitarist
• 1963 – Carrie Hamilton, American actress (d. 2002)
• 1963 – Alberto Nisman, Argentinian lawyer (d. 2015)
• 1964 – Cliff Eidelman, American composer and conductor
• 1965 – Manish Malhotra, Indian fashion designer
• 1965 – John Rzeznik, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (Goo Goo Dolls)
• 1965 – Wayne Smith, Jamaican rapper (d. 2014)
• 1965 – Valeriy Spitsyn, Russian race walker
• 1966 – Patricia Kaas, French singer-songwriter and actress
• 1966 – Lee Seung-chul, South Korean singer (Boohwal)
• 1967 – Gary Allan, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
• 1967 – Konstantin-Assen, Prince of Vidin
• 1967 – Amanda Lepore, American model and singer
• 1968 – Margaret Cho, American comedian, actress, producer, and screenwriter
• 1968 – John Lundberg, English artist and documentary filmmaker
• 1968 – Lisa Marie, American model and actress
• 1968 – Lydia Millet, American author
• 1968 – Falilat Ogunkoya, Nigerian sprinter
• 1969 – Eric Etebari, American actor, director, and producer
• 1969 – Morgan J. Freeman, American director, producer, and screenwriter
• 1969 – Alex Kapp Horner, American actress
• 1969 – Sajid Javid, English banker and politician, Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport
• 1969 – Lewis Pugh, English swimmer and lawyer
• 1969 – Ramón Ramírez, Mexican footballer
• 1970 – Kevin Haller, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1971 – Ashia Hansen, American-English triple jumper
• 1971 – Kali Rocha, American actress and screenwriter
• 1971 – Kavus Torabi, Iranian-English guitarist (Knifeworld, Cardiacs, The Monsoon Bassoon, Guapo, and Chrome Hoof)
• 1971 – Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg, German politician, Federal Minister of Defence
• 1972 – Cliff Floyd, American baseball player and sportscaster
• 1972 – Mike Mahoney, American baseball player
• 1972 – Duane Ross, American hurdler and coach
• 1972 – Angela Shelton, American actress, producer, and screenwriter
• 1973 – Argo Arbeiter, Estonian footballer
• 1973 – Arik Benado, Israeli footballer and manager
• 1973 – Shalom Harlow, Canadian model and actress
• 1973 – Andrei Krasnopjorov, Estonian footballer
• 1973 – Mikelangelo Loconte, Italian singer-songwriter, producer, and actor
• 1973 – Luboš Motl, Czech physicist and academic
• 1973 – Danielle Winits, Brazilian actress, singer, and dancer
• 1974 – Charlie Batch, American football player
• 1974 – Ravish Kumar, Indian television journalist and news anchor
• 1974 – Brian Lewis, American sprinter
• 1974 – Elbrus Tedeyev, Ukrainian wrestler and politician
• 1975 – Ronnie O'Sullivan, English snooker player
• 1975 – Paula Patton, American actress
• 1976 – Amy Acker, American actress
• 1976 – Xavier Garbajosa, French rugby player
• 1976 – Sachiko Kokubu, Japanese actress and model
• 1976 – Rachel Komisarz, American swimmer
• 1976 – Alisa Mizuki, Japanese actress, singer, and model
• 1977 – Peter van der Vlag, Dutch footballer
• 1978 – Pachrapa Chaichua, Thai actress
• 1978 – Neil Druckmann, American writer, creative director and programmer
• 1978 – Olli Jokinen, Finnish ice hockey player
• 1978 – Marcelo Zalayeta, Uruguayan footballer
• 1979 – Matteo Ferrari, Italian footballer
• 1979 – Niklas Hagman, Finnish ice hockey player
• 1979 – Evonne Hsu, American-Taiwanese actress and singer
• 1979 – Gareth McAuley, Northern Irish footballer
• 1979 – Nick Stahl, American actor and producer
• 1980 – Tamara Feldman, American actress
• 1980 – Shizuka Itō, Japanese voice actress and singer
• 1980 – Ibrahim Maalouf, Lebanese-French trumpet player and composer
• 1981 – Leila Tong, Hong Kong actress and singer
• 1982 – Eddy Curry, American basketball player
• 1982 – Trai Essex, American football player
• 1982 – Keri Hilson, American singer-songwriter, dancer, and actress (The Clutch)
• 1982 – Karl Palatu, Estonian footballer
• 1983 – Cooper Cronk, Australian rugby player
• 1983 – Samantha Lewthwaite, English fugitive
• 1983 – Tiffany Weimer, American soccer player
• 1983 – JP White, Swedish bass player (Vains of Jenna)
• 1984 – Chris Solinsky, American runner
• 1985 – Shikhar Dhawan, Indian cricketer
• 1985 – Angelica Michibata, Japanese model
• 1985 – Frankie Muniz, American actor, drummer, and race car driver
• 1985 – Josh Smith, American basketball player
• 1985 – Nico Verdonck, Belgian race car driver
• 1986 – LeGarrette Blount, American football player
• 1986 – James Hinchcliffe, Canadian race car driver
• 1986 – Justin Smoak, American baseball player
• 1987 – James Argent, English singer, actor, and radio host
• 1987 – Tommy Fraser, English footballer
• 1988 – Joanna Rowsell, English cyclist
• 1988 – Miralem Sulejmani, Serbian footballer
• 1989 – Pamela Jelimo, Kenyan runner
• 1989 – Kim Ye-won, South Korean singer and actress
• 1989 – Kwon Yuri, South Korean singer, dancer, and actress
• 1989 – Linet Masai, Kenyan runner
• 1990 – Montee Ball, American football player
• 1990 – Parvathy Nair, Indian actress
• 1991 – Jacopo Sala, Italian footballer
• 1991 – Carolin Schäfer, German heptathlete
• 1992 – Ilja Antonov, Estonian footballer
• 1993 – Ross Barkley, English footballer
• 1994 – Frida Aasen, Norwegian model
• 1994 – Ondrej Duda, Slovak footballer
• 1994 – Grant Ward, English footballer
• 2009 – Ayelet Galena, American child born with Dyskeratosis congenita (d. 2012)

Deaths[edit]

• 63 BC – Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura, Roman politician (b. 114 BC)
• 1082 – Ramon Berenguer II, Count of Barcelona (b. 1053)
• 1355 – John III, Duke of Brabant (b. 1300)
• 1560 – Francis II of France (b. 1544)
• 1570 – Johan Friis, Danish politician (b. 1494)
• 1624 – Gaspard Bauhin, Swiss botanist and physician (b. 1560)
• 1654 – Jean François Sarrazin, French author (b. 1611)
• 1663 – Severo Bonini, Italian organist and composer (b. 1582)
• 1749 – Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye, Canadian commander and explorer (b. 1685)
• 1758 – Johann Friedrich Fasch, German violinist and composer (b. 1688)
• 1770 – James Stirling, Scottish mathematician and surveyor (b. 1692)
• 1784 – Phillis Wheatley, Senegalese-American slave and poet (b. 1753)
• 1791 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Austrian pianist and composer (b. 1756)
• 1819 – Friedrich Leopold zu Stolberg-Stolberg, German poet and lawyer (b. 1750)
• 1870 – Alexandre Dumas, French author and playwright (b. 1802)
• 1887 – Eliza R. Snow, American poet and songwriter (b. 1804)
• 1891 – Pedro II of Brazil (b. 1825)
• 1895 – Gall, American tribal chief (b. 1840)
• 1918 – Schalk Willem Burger, South African commander, lawyer, and politician, 6th President of the South African Republic (b. 1852)
• 1925 – Władysław Reymont, Polish author, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1867)
• 1926 – Claude Monet, French painter (b. 1840)
• 1931 – Vachel Lindsay, American poet (b. 1879)
• 1940 – Jan Kubelík, Czech violinist and composer (b. 1880)
• 1941 – Amrita Sher-Gil, Hungarian-Pakistani painter (b. 1913)
• 1942 – Jock Delves Broughton, English captain (b. 1883)
• 1946 – Louis Dewis, Belgian-French painter (b. 1872)
• 1950 – Sri Aurobindo, Indian guru and poet (b. 1872)
• 1951 – Shoeless Joe Jackson, American baseball player and manager (b. 1887)
• 1951 – Abanindranath Tagore, Indian painter, author, and academic (b. 1871)
• 1953 – Jorge Negrete, Mexican-American singer and actor (b. 1911)
• 1953 – William Sterling Parsons, American admiral (b. 1901)
• 1955 – Glenn L. Martin, American pilot and businessman, founded the Glenn L. Martin Company (b. 1886)
• 1961 – Emil Fuchs, German-American lawyer and businessman (b. 1878)
• 1963 – Karl Amadeus Hartmann, German composer (b. 1905)
• 1963 – Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, Indian-Pakistani lawyer and politician, 5th Prime Minister of Pakistan (b. 1892)
• 1964 – V. Veerasingam, Sri Lankan educator and politician (b. 1892)
• 1965 – Joseph Erlanger, American physiologist, neuroscientist, and academic Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1874)
• 1966 – Sylvère Maes, Belgian cyclist (b. 1909)
• 1968 – Fred Clark, American actor and singer (b. 1914)
• 1969 – Princess Alice of Battenberg (b. 1885)
• 1969 – Claudius Dornier, German businessman, founded Dornier Flugzeugwerke (b. 1884)
• 1973 – Robert Watson-Watt, Scottish engineer, invented the radar (b. 1892)
• 1975 – Constance McLaughlin Green, American historian and author (b. 1897)
• 1977 – Katherine Milhous, American author and illustrator (b. 1894)
• 1977 – Aleksandr Vasilevsky, Russian marshal and politician, Minister of Defence for the Soviet Union (b. 1895)
• 1979 – Jesse Pearson, American actor, singer, and screenwriter (b. 1930)
• 1983 – Robert Aldrich, American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1918)
• 1986 – Edward Youde, Welsh-Chinese sinologist and diplomat, 26th Governor of Hong Kong (b. 1924)
• 1989 – John Pritchard, English conductor (b. 1921)
• 1989 – George Selden, American author (b. 1929)
• 1990 – Alfonso A. Ossorio, American painter (b. 1916)
• 1991 – Robert Karvelas, American actor (b. 1921)
• 1991 – Richard Speck, American murderer (b. 1941)
• 1993 – Doug Hopkins, American guitarist and songwriter (Gin Blossoms) (b. 1961)
• 1994 – Harry Horner, Czech-American director, producer, and production designer (b. 1910)
• 1994 – Günter Meisner, German actor (b. 1926)
• 1995 – L. B. Cole, American illustrator and publisher (b. 1918)
• 1995 – Charles Evans, English mountaineer, surgeon, and educator (b. 1918)
• 1995 – Gwen Harwood, Australian poet and playwright (b. 1920)
• 1995 – Lisa McPherson, American homicide victim (b. 1959)
• 1998 – Albert Gore, Sr., American lawyer and politician (b. 1907)
• 2001 – Franco Rasetti, Italian-American physicist and academic (b. 1901)
• 2002 – Roone Arledge, American sportscaster and producer (b. 1931)
• 2002 – Ne Win, Burmese general and politician, 4th President of Burma (b. 1911)
• 2005 – Edward L. Masry, American lawyer and politician (b. 1932)
• 2005 – Kevin McQuay, Australian businessman (b. 1949)
• 2005 – Frits Philips, Dutch businessman (b. 1905)
• 2006 – David Bronstein, Ukrainian-Belarusian chess player (b. 1924)
• 2007 – Andrew Imbrie, American composer and academic (b. 1921)
• 2007 – George Paraskevaides, Greek-Cypriot businessman, co-founded Joannou & Paraskevaides (b. 1916)
• 2007 – Karlheinz Stockhausen, German composer and academic (b. 1928)
• 2008 – Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow (b. 1929)
• 2008 – George Brecht, American artist (b. 1926)
• 2008 – Constantin Ticu Dumitrescu, Romanian politician (b. 1928)
• 2008 – Nina Foch, Dutch-American actress (b. 1924)
• 2008 – Basil Kelly, Northern Irish barrister, judge and politician (b. 1920)
• 2008 – Anca Parghel, Romanian singer-songwriter and pianist (b. 1957)
• 2009 – Vimolchatra, Thai princess (b. 1921)
• 2009 – William Lederer, American soldier and author (b. 1912)
• 2010 – Alan Armer, American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1922)
• 2010 – John Leslie, American porn actor, director, and producer (b. 1945)
• 2010 – Don Meredith, American football player, sportscaster, and actor (b. 1938)
• 2011 – Peter Gethin, English race car driver (b. 1940)
• 2011 – Gennady Logofet, Russian footballer and manager (b. 1942)
• 2012 – Dave Brubeck, American pianist and composer (b. 1920)
• 2012 – Nakamura Kanzaburō XVIII, Japanese actor (b. 1955)
• 2012 – Elisabeth Murdoch, Australian philanthropist (b. 1909)
• 2012 – Oscar Niemeyer, Brazilian architect, designed the United Nations Headquarters and Cathedral of Brasília (b. 1907)
• 2012 – Yves Niaré, French shot putter (b. 1977)
• 2012 – Kaisa Sere, Finnish computer scientist (b. 1954)
• 2012 – Ignatius IV of Antioch, Syrian patriarch (b. 1920)
• 2013 – Fred Bassetti, American architect, founded Bassetti Architects (b. 1917)
• 2013 – William B. Edmondson, American diplomat, United States Ambassador to South Africa (b. 1927)
• 2013 – Nelson Mandela, South African lawyer and politician, 1st President of South Africa, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1918)
• 2013 – Danny Matt, German-Israeli general (b. 1927)
• 2013 – Colin Wilson, English philosopher and author (b. 1931)
• 2014 – Ernest C. Brace, American captain and pilot (b. 1931)
• 2014 – Manuel De Sica, Italian composer (b. 1949)
• 2014 – Queen Fabiola of Belgium (b. 1928)
• 2014 – Jackie Healy-Rae, Irish hurdler and politician (b. 1931)
• 2014 – Menis Koumandareas, Greek writer (b. 1931)
• 2014 – Silvio Zavala, Mexican historian and author (b. 1909)

Justin Bieber unseats himself in UK singles chart

Image copyrightReuters

Justin Bieber has scored his third UK number one single with the song Love Yourself.

The track, which was streamed 5.97 million times, knocked his previous chart topper, Sorry, to number two.

The last living artists to achieve the feat were The Beatles in 1963 with She Loves You and I Want to Hold Your Hand.

Former number one Hello by Adele held firm at three, while Bieber's third track in the top five - What Do You Mean - was at four.

In the album chart, Adele's 25 retained her number one position thanks to another week of high sales.

The record sold 439,000 copies, outselling the rest of the top 10 combined.

Earlier this week, the Official Charts Company confirmed it was the fastest million-selling album in UK chart history, managing it in 10 days.

Elvis Presley's If I Can Dream and Bieber's Purpose remained at two and three, with Little Mix's Get Weird climbing two places to four.

Jess Glynne's I Cry When I Laugh also rose three places to five.

The highest new entries came from The Vamps with Wake Up at 10 and The Corrs' first album in 10 years, White Light, at 11.

Christmas came early elsewhere in the singles chart, with Mariah Carey's 1994 hit All I Want For Christmas Is You re-entering the top 40 at 35. 

UK singles and album chart top five
Singles	Albums
1. Love Yourself - Justin Bieber	1. 25 - Adele
2. Sorry - Justin Bieber	2. If I Can Dream - Elvis Presley
3. Hello - Adele	3. Purpose - Justin Bieber
4. What Do You Mean - Justin Bieber	4. Get Weird - Little Mix
5. You Don't Own Me - Grace ft G-Eazy	5. I Cry When I Laugh - Jess Glynne

Analysis - Mark Savage, music reporter

By replacing his own song at the top of the chart, Justin Bieber matches a feat previously achieved by The Beatles and Elvis. But unlike them, he didn't do it by selling records - his position at the chart summit is mainly down to streaming. 

When his album, Purpose, was released a fortnight ago, it broke records on Spotify, being played 205 million times in seven days. To put that in context - it's the equivalent of everyone in the world listening to Justin Bieber for a minute-and-a-half over the course of a week. 

By contrast, the record only sold 90,596 copies in the UK - a figure that actually incorporates streaming data. 

The contrast to Adele (800,307 first week sales, all on CD or download) is striking. Her audience skews older, towards people who grew up with CDs - hence her decision to withhold 25 from Spotify. ("It probably is the future," she told Rolling Stone earlier this week). Bieber, who was discovered on YouTube, is firmly part of the streaming generation. 

None of that makes his achievement less impressive. Indeed, when you consider that, 12 months ago, his career was considered to be over, it's nothing short of a miracle.

Η Μαριάννα Βαρδινογιάννη ανακηρύχθηκε αξιωματικός της Λεγεώνας της Τιμής

Μια ιδιαίτερη τιμή επιφύλασσε η Γαλλική Δημοκρατία στην Μαριάννα Βαρδινογιάννη,

 πρέσβειρα Καλής Θελήσεως της UNESCO.

Ο πρώην Πρόεδρος της Γαλλίας, Valery Giscard d’ Estaing, απένειμε στην Πρέσβυ

 Καλής Θελήσεως της UNESCO, Μαριάννα Β. Βαρδινογιάννη, το παράσημο του

 Αξιωματικού του Εθνικού Τάγματος της Λεγεώνας της Τιμής της Γαλλικής Δημοκρατίας

Η τελετή πραγματοποιήθηκε στην έδρα της UNESCO στο Παρίσι, την Τετάρτη 2 

Δεκεμβρίου 2015. και οι φωτογραφίες δόθηκαν σήμερα, Παρασκευή, στη δημοσιότητα

 από το Ίδρυμα «Μαριάννα Β. Βαρδινογιάννη».

[edit]

• 1060 – Béla I is crowned king of Hungary.
• 1240 – Mongol invasion of Rus': Kiev under Daniel of Galicia and Voivode Dmytro falls to the Mongols under Batu Khan.
• 1534 – The city of Quito in Ecuador is founded by Spanish settlers led by Sebastián de Belalcázar.
• 1648 – Colonel Thomas Pride of the New Model Army purges the Long Parliament of MPs sympathetic to King Charles I of England, in order for the King's trial to go ahead; came to be known as "Pride's Purge".
• 1704 – Battle of Chamkaur: During the Mughal-Sikh Wars, an outnumbered Sikh Khalsa defeats a Mughal army.
• 1745 – Charles Edward Stuart's army begins retreat during the second Jacobite Rising.
• 1768 – The first edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica is published.
• 1790 – The U.S. Congress moves from New York City to Philadelphia.
• 1865 – The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, banning slavery.
• 1877 – The first edition of The Washington Post is published.
• 1884 – The Washington Monument in Washington, D.C., is completed.
• 1897 – London becomes the world's first city to host licensed taxicabs.
• 1904 – Theodore Roosevelt articulated his "Corollary" to the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the U.S. would intervene in the Western Hemisphere should Latin American governments prove incapable or unstable.
• 1907 – A coal mine explosion at Monongah, West Virginia, kills 362 workers.
• 1916 – World War I: The Central Powers capture Bucharest.
• 1917 – Finland declares independence from Russia.
• 1917 – Halifax Explosion: A munitions explosion near Halifax, Nova Scotia kills more than 1,900 people in the largest artificial explosion up to that time.
• 1917 – World War I: USS Jacob Jones is the first American destroyer to be sunk by enemy action when it is torpedoed by German submarine SM U-53.
• 1921 – The Anglo-Irish Treaty is signed in London by British and Irish representatives.
• 1922 – One year to the day after the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, the Irish Free State comes into existence.
• 1928 – The government of Colombia sends military forces to suppress a month-long strike by United Fruit Company workers, resulting in an unknown number of deaths.
• 1933 – U.S. federal judge John M. Woolsey rules that James Joyce's novel Ulysses is not obscene.
• 1941 – World War II: The United Kingdom and Canada declare war on Finland in support of the Soviet Union during the Continuation War. Camp X opens in Canada to begin training Allied Secret Agents for the War.
• 1947 – The Everglades National Park in Florida is dedicated.
• 1953 – Vladimir Nabokov completes his controversial novel Lolita.
• 1956 – A violent water polo match between Hungary and the USSR takes place during the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, against the backdrop of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution.
• 1957 – Project Vanguard: A launchpad explosion of Vanguard TV3 thwarts the first United States attempt to launch a satellite into Earth orbit.
• 1967 – Adrian Kantrowitz performs the first human heart transplant in the United States.
• 1969 – Meredith Hunter is killed by Hells Angels during a Rolling Stones concert at the Altamont Speedway in California.
• 1971 – Pakistan severs diplomatic relations with India, initiating the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.
• 1973 – The Twenty-fifth Amendment: The United States House of Representatives votes 387 to 35 to confirm Gerald Ford as Vice President of the United States. (On November 27, the Senate confirmed him 92 to 3.)
• 1975 – The Troubles: Fleeing from the police, a Provisional IRA unit takes a couple hostage in Balcombe Street, London, beginning a six-day siege.
• 1977 – South Africa grants independence to Bophuthatswana, although it is not recognized by any other country.
• 1978 – Spain approves its latest constitution in a referendum.
• 1982 – The Troubles: The Irish National Liberation Army bombed a pub frequented by British soldiers in Ballykelly, Northern Ireland. It killed eleven soldiers and six civilians.
• 1988 – The Australian Capital Territory is granted self-government.
• 1989 – The École Polytechnique massacre (or Montreal Massacre): Marc Lépine, an anti-feminist gunman, murders 14 young women at the École Polytechnique in Montreal.
• 1991 – In Croatia, forces of the Yugoslav People's Army bombard Dubrovnik after laying siege to the city since May.
• 1992 – The Babri Masjid in Ayodhya, India, is demolished, leading to widespread riots causing the death of over 1,500 people.
• 1997 – A Russian Antonov An-124 cargo plane crashes into an apartment complex near Irkutsk, Siberia, killing 67.
• 2005 – Several villagers are shot dead during protests in Dongzhou, China.
• 2005 – An Iranian Air Force C-130 military transport aircraft crashes into a ten-floor apartment building in a residential area of Tehran, killing all 84 on board and 44 more on the ground.
• 2006 – NASA reveals photographs taken by Mars Global Surveyor suggesting the presence of liquid water on Mars.
• 2008 – The 2008 Greek riots break out upon the killing of a 15-year-old boy, Alexandros Grigoropoulos, by a police officer.

Births[edit]

• 846 – Hasan al-Askari, Saudi Arabian 11th of the Twelve Imams (d. 874)
• 1285 – Ferdinand IV of Castile (d. 1312)
• 1421 – Henry VI of England (d. 1471)
• 1478 – Baldassare Castiglione, Italian courtier, diplomat, and author (d. 1529)
• 1586 – Niccolò Zucchi, Italian astronomer and physicist (d. 1670)
• 1608 – George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle, English general and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (d. 1670)
• 1637 – Edmund Andros, English courtier and politician, 4th Colonial Governor of New York (d. 1714)
• 1640 – Claude Fleury, French historian and author (d. 1723)
• 1642 – Johann Christoph Bach, German organist and composer (d. 1703)
• 1685 – Marie Adélaïde of Savoy (d. 1712)
• 1721 – James Elphinston, Scottish philologist and educator (d. 1809)
• 1721 – Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes, French minister and politician (d. 1794)
• 1752 – Gabriel Duvall, American jurist and politician (d. 1844)
• 1778 – Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, French physicist and chemist (d. 1850)
• 1792 – William II of the Netherlands (d. 1849)
• 1803 – Maria Josepha Amalia of Saxony (d. 1829)
• 1805 – Adolf Reubke, German organ builder (d. 1875)
• 1805 – Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin, French magician (d. 1861)
• 1812 – Robert Spear Hudson, English businessman and philanthropist (d. 1884)
• 1823 – Max Müller, German-English philologist and orientalist (d. 1900)
• 1833 – John S. Mosby, American colonel (d. 1916)
• 1841 – Frédéric Bazille, French painter and soldier (d. 1870)
• 1849 – August von Mackensen, German field marshal (d. 1945)
• 1853 – Haraprasad Shastri, Indian historian and scholar (d. 1931)
• 1856 – Hans Molisch, Czech-Austrian botanist (d. 1937)
• 1863 – Charles Martin Hall, American chemist and engineer (d. 1914)
• 1872 – Arthur Henry Adams, Australian journalist and author (d. 1936)
• 1872 – William S. Hart, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1946)
• 1874 – Lucien Démanet, French gymnast (d. 1979)
• 1875 – Albert Bond Lambert, American golfer and pilot (d. 1946)
• 1875 – Evelyn Underhill, English mystic and author (d. 1941)
• 1876 – Fred Duesenberg, German-American businessman, co-founded the Duesenberg Automobile & Motors Company (d. 1932)
• 1884 – Cornelia Meigs, American author, playwright, and academic (d. 1973)
• 1886 – Joyce Kilmer, American soldier, author, and poet (d. 1918)
• 1887 – Lynn Fontanne, English actress (d. 1983)
• 1887 – Joseph Lamb, American pianist and composer (d. 1960)
• 1888 – Will Hay, English actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 1949)
• 1890 – Dion Fortune, Welsh occultist, psychologist, and author (d. 1946)
• 1890 – Yoshio Nishina, Japanese physicist and academic (d. 1951)
• 1890 – Rudolf Schlichter, German painter (d. 1955)
• 1892 – Osbert Sitwell, English-Italian captain, poet, and author (d. 1969)
• 1893 – Homer N. Wallin, American admiral (d. 1984)
• 1896 – Ira Gershwin, American songwriter (d. 1983)
• 1898 – Alfred Eisenstaedt, German-American photographer and journalist (d. 1995)
• 1898 – Gunnar Myrdal, Swedish sociologist and economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1987)
• 1900 – Agnes Moorehead, American actress and singer (d. 1974)
• 1901 – Eliot Porter, American photographer (d. 1990)
• 1903 – Tony Lazzeri, American baseball player and manager (d. 1946)
• 1904 – Ève Curie, French-American journalist and pianist (d. 2007)
• 1905 – Elizabeth Yates, American author (d. 2001)
• 1908 – Pierre Graber, Swiss lawyer and politician, 69th President of the Swiss Confederation (d. 2003)
• 1908 – Baby Face Nelson, American gangster (d. 1934)
• 1908 – Miklós Szabó, Hungarian runner (d. 2000)
• 1909 – Rulon Jeffs, American religious leader (d. 2002)
• 1910 – David M. Potter, American historian, author, and academic (d. 1971)
• 1913 – Karl Haas, German-American pianist, conductor, and radio host (d. 2005)
• 1913 – Eleanor Holm, American swimmer and actress (d. 2004)
• 1913 – John Mikaelsson, Swedish race walker (d. 1987)
• 1916 – Yekaterina Budanova, Russian captain and pilot (d. 1943)
• 1916 – Kristján Eldjárn, Icelandic educator and politician, 3rd President of Iceland (d. 1982)
• 1916 – Hugo Peretti, American songwriter and producer (d. 1986)
• 1917 – Dean Hess, American minister and colonel (d. 2015)
• 1917 – Kamal Jumblatt, Lebanese lawyer and politician (d. 1977)
• 1917 – Irv Robbins, Canadian-American businessman, co-founded Baskin-Robbins (d. 2008)
• 1917 – Waldemar von Gazen, German officer and lawyer (d. 2014)
• 1919 – Skippy Baxter, Canadian-American figure skater and coach (d. 2012)
• 1919 – Paul de Man, Belgian-American philosopher, critic, and academic (d. 1983)
• 1920 – Dave Brubeck, American pianist and composer (d. 2012)
• 1920 – Peter Dimmock, English sportscaster (d. 2015)
• 1920 – George Porter, English chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2002)
• 1921 – Otto Graham, American football player and coach (d. 2003)
• 1921 – Piero Piccioni, Italian lawyer, pianist, and composer (d. 2004)
• 1922 – John Brunt, English captain, Victoria Cross recipient (d. 1944)
• 1922 – Benjamin A. Gilman, American soldier and politician
• 1924 – Wally Cox, American actor (d. 1973)
• 1927 – Jim Fuchs, American shot putter and discus thrower (d. 2010)
• 1928 – Stanley Clinton Davis, Baron Clinton-Davis, English lawyer and politician
• 1928 – Bobby Van, American actor and singer (d. 1980)
• 1929 – Philippe Bouvard, French journalist and radio host
• 1929 – Nikolaus Harnoncourt, German-Austrian cellist and conductor
• 1929 – Frank Springer, American illustrator (d. 2009)
• 1929 – Alain Tanner, Swiss director, producer, and screenwriter
• 1930 – Daniel Lisulo, Zambian politician, 3rd Prime Minister of Zambia (d. 2000)
• 1931 – Zeki Müren, Turkish singer-songwriter and actor (d. 1996)
• 1932 – Kamleshwar, Indian author, screenwriter, and critic (d. 2007)
• 1933 – Henryk Górecki, Polish composer (d. 2010)
• 1933 – Donald J. Kutyna, American general
• 1934 – Nick Bockwinkel, American wrestler, sportscaster, and actor (d. 2015)
• 1935 – Jean Lapointe, Canadian actor, singer, and politician
• 1936 – Bill Ashton, English saxophonist and composer
• 1936 – Kenneth Copeland, American evangelist and author
• 1937 – Alberto Spencer, Ecuadorian-American soccer player (d. 2006)
• 1938 – Patrick Bauchau, Belgian-American actor
• 1940 – Lawrence Bergman, Canadian politician
• 1940 – Richard Edlund, American visual effects designer
• 1941 – Richard Speck, American murderer (d. 1991)
• 1941 – Bruce Nauman, American artist
• 1941 – Bill Thomas, American academic and politician
• 1941 – Wende Wagner, American actress (d. 1997)
• 1942 – Peter Handke, Austrian author and playwright
• 1942 – Robb Royer, American guitarist, keyboard player, and songwriter (Bread and The Pleasure Fair)
• 1943 – Tony Goldman, American real estate developer and arts visionary
• 1943 – Mike Smith, English singer-songwriter, keyboard player, and producer (The Dave Clark Five) (d. 2008)
• 1945 – Larry Bowa, American baseball player and manager
• 1945 – Dan Harrington, American poker player
• 1945 – Shekhar Kapur, Indian director, producer, and screenwriter
• 1946 – Frankie Beverly, American singer-songwriter and producer (Maze)
• 1946 – Willy van der Kuijlen, Dutch footballer and manager
• 1947 – Lawrence Cannon, Canadian businessman and politician, 9th Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs
• 1947 – Henk van Woerden, Dutch-South African painter and author (d. 2005)
• 1947 – Miroslav Vitouš, Czech-American bassist and songwriter (Weather Report)
• 1948 – Marius Müller-Westernhagen, German actor and singer
• 1948 – Jean-Paul Ngoupandé, Central African politician, Prime Minister of the Central African Republic (d. 2014)
• 1948 – Don Nickles, American businessman and politician
• 1948 – Keke Rosberg, Finnish race car driver
• 1948 – JoBeth Williams, American actress, singer, and director
• 1949 – Linda Barnes, American author
• 1949 – Linda Creed, American singer-songwriter (d. 1986)
• 1949 – Doug Marlette, American cartoonist (d. 2007)
• 1949 – Gregory Venables, English-Argentinian bishop
• 1950 – Guy Drut, French hurdler and politician
• 1950 – Joe Hisaishi, Japanese pianist, composer, and conductor
• 1950 – Helen Liddell, Baroness Liddell of Coatdyke, Scottish journalist and politician, Secretary of State for Scotland
• 1951 – Wendy Ellis Somes, English ballerina and producer
• 1951 – Gerry Francis, English footballer and manager
• 1951 – Maurice Hope, Caribbean-English boxer
• 1952 – Chuck Baker, American baseball player
• 1952 – Nicolas Bréhal, French author and critic
• 1952 – Edward Etzel, American target shooter
• 1952 – Joe Harris, American football player
• 1952 – Craig Newmark, American computer programmer and businessman, founded Craigslist
• 1952 – Charles Salvador, English boxer and criminal
• 1952 – Shio Satō, Japanese illustrator (d. 2010)
• 1952 – Jeff Schneider, American baseball player
• 1952 – David L. Spector, American biologist and academic
• 1953 – Sue Carroll, English journalist (d. 2011)
• 1953 – Gary Goodman, Australian cricketer and coach
• 1953 – Geoff Hoon, English academic and politician, Minister of State for Europe
• 1953 – Tom Hulce, American actor and producer
• 1953 – Masami Kurumada, Japanese author and illustrator
• 1953 – Kin Shriner, American actor
• 1953 – Dwight Stones, American high jumper and sportscaster
• 1953 – Gary Ward, American baseball player and coach
• 1955 – Anne Begg, Scottish educator and politician
• 1955 – Rick Buckler, English drummer (The Jam, The Highliners, and Time UK)
• 1955 – Steven Wright, American actor and screenwriter
• 1956 – Peter Buck, American guitarist, songwriter, and producer (R.E.M., Hindu Love Gods, The Minus 5, Tuatara, Tired Pony, and The Baseball Project)
• 1956 – Hans Kammerlander, Italian mountaineer and guide
• 1956 – Randy Rhoads, American guitarist, songwriter, and producer (Quiet Riot) (d. 1982)
• 1957 – Adrian Borland, English singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (The Sound and The Outsiders) (d. 1999)
• 1957 – Luis Delís, Cuban discus thrower and shot putter
• 1958 – Nick Park, English animator, director, producer, and screenwriter
• 1959 – Stephen Hepburn, English politician
• 1959 – Satoru Iwata, Japanese businessman (d. 2015)
• 1959 – Stephen Muggleton, English computer scientist and engineer
• 1960 – Masahiko Katsuya, Japanese journalist and photographer
• 1961 – David Lovering, American drummer (Pixies, The Martinis, and Cracker)
• 1961 – Manuel Reuter, German race car driver
• 1962 – Janine Turner, American actress
• 1962 – Ben Watt, English singer-songwriter, producer, and radio host (Everything but the Girl)
• 1963 – Ulrich Thomsen, Danish actor and producer
• 1964 – Mall Nukke, Estonian artist
• 1965 – Gordon Durie, Scottish footballer and manager
• 1965 – Toshihide Wakamatsu, Japanese actor
• 1966 – Natascha Badmann, Swiss triathlete
• 1967 – Judd Apatow, American director, producer, and screenwriter
• 1967 – Hacken Lee, Hong Kong singer-songwriter and actor
• 1967 – Arnaldo Mesa, Cuban boxer (d. 2012)
• 1967 – Lucia Rijker, Dutch boxer and actress
• 1968 – Akihiro Yano, Japanese baseball player
• 1969 – Torri Higginson, Canadian actress
• 1970 – Isabelle Arnould, Belgian swimmer
• 1970 – Ulf Ekberg, Swedish singer-songwriter, keyboard player, and producer (Ace of Base)
• 1970 – Adrian Fenty, American lawyer and politician, 6th Mayor of the District of Columbia
• 1970 – Jeff Rouse, American swimmer
• 1970 – Michaela Schaffrath, German nurse and actress
• 1971 – Craig Brewer, American director, producer, and screenwriter
• 1971 – Richard Krajicek, Dutch tennis player
• 1971 – Naozumi Takahashi, Japanese singer and voice actor
• 1971 – Carole Thate, Dutch field hockey player
• 1971 – Ryan White, American AIDS victim (d. 1990)
• 1972 – Heather Mizeur, American politician
• 1972 – Mónica Santa María, Peruvian model and television host (d. 1994)
• 1972 – Rick Short, American baseball player
• 1974 – Jens Pulver, American mixed martial artist and boxer
• 1974 – Nick Stajduhar, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1975 – Noel Clarke, English actor, director, and screenwriter
• 1975 – Adrian García Arias, Mexican footballer
• 1976 – Colleen Haskell, American actress and producer
• 1976 – Alicia Machado, Venezuelan actress and singer, Miss Universe 1996
• 1976 – Lindsay Price, American actress and singer
• 1977 – Kevin Cash, American baseball player and coach
• 1977 – Andrew Flintoff, English cricketer and coach
• 1977 – Paul McVeigh, Irish footballer
• 1978 – K. D. Aubert, American model and actress
• 1978 – Chris Başak, American baseball player
• 1978 – Darrell Jackson, American football player
• 1978 – Ramiro Pez, Argentinian-Italian rugby player
• 1979 – Tim Cahill, Australian footballer
• 1979 – Yanina González, Paraguayan model, Miss Paraguay 2004
• 1980 – Danielle Downey, American golfer and coach (d. 2014)
• 1980 – Steve Lovell, English footballer
• 1980 – Ehren Wassermann, American baseball player
• 1980 – Tiffany Taylor, American porn actress
• 1980 – Kei Yasuda, Japanese singer, musician, and actress (Morning Musume and Dream Morning Musume)
• 1981 – Federico Balzaretti, Italian footballer
• 1982 – Ryan Carnes, American actor
• 1982 – Alberto Contador, Spanish cyclist
• 1982 – Sean Ervine, Zimbabwean cricketer
• 1982 – Aaron Sandilands, Australian rules footballer
• 1982 – Susie Wolff, Scottish race car driver
• 1983 – Ashley Madekwe, English actress
• 1984 – Syndric Steptoe, American football player
• 1985 – Shannon Bobbitt, American basketball player
• 1985 – Aristeidis Grigoriadis, Greek swimmer
• 1985 – Dulce María, Mexican singer-songwriter, dancer, and actress (RBD and Jeans)
• 1985 – Rudra Pratap Singh, Indian cricketer
• 1986 – Sean Edwards, English race car driver (d. 2013)
• 1986 – Georgia Horsley, English model, Miss England 2007
• 1986 – Matt Niskanen, American ice hockey player
• 1988 – Sandra Nurmsalu, Estonian singer and violinist (Urban Symphony)
• 1988 – Nils Petersen, German footballer
• 1988 – Nobunaga Shimazaki, Japanese voice actor
• 1989 – Felix Schiller, German footballer
• 1990 – Tamira Paszek, Austrian tennis player
• 1992 – Britt Assombalonga, Congolese footballer
• 1992 – Johnny Manziel, American football player
• 1993 – Pedro Rafael Amado Mendes, Portuguese footballer
• 1994 – Louis Kurihara, Japanese model, television personality, and actor
• 1995 – Joy Gruttmann, German singer
• 1996 – Stefanie Scott, American actress and singer
• 1998 – Angelīna Kučvaļska, Latvian figure skater

Deaths[edit]

• 343 – Saint Nicholas, Greek bishop and saint (b. 270)
• 672 – Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya, Arab rebel leader (b. 710)
• 735 – Prince Toneri of Japan (b. 676)
• 1185 – Afonso I of Portugal (b. 1109)
• 1352 – Pope Clement VI (b. 1291)
• 1562 – Jan van Scorel Dutch painter (b. 1495)
• 1618 – Jacques Davy Duperron, French cardinal (b. 1556)
• 1658 – Baltasar Gracián, Spanish priest and author (b. 1601)
• 1675 – John Lightfoot, English priest, academic, and scholar (b. 1602)
• 1716 – Benedictus Buns, Dutch priest and composer (b. 1642)
• 1718 – Nicholas Rowe, English poet and playwright (b. 1674)
• 1746 – Lady Grizel Baillie, Scottish poet and songwriter (b. 1665)
• 1771 – Giovanni Battista Morgagni, Italian anatomist and pathologist (b. 1682)
• 1779 – Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin, French painter (b. 1699)
• 1788 – Jonathan Shipley, English bishop (b. 1714)
• 1855 – William John Swainson, English ornithologist and entomologist (b. 1789)
• 1867 – Jean Pierre Flourens, French physiologist and academic (b. 1794)
• 1868 – August Schleicher, German linguist and academic (b. 1821)
• 1878 – Theodoros Vryzakis, Greek painter (b. 1814)
• 1879 – Erastus Brigham Bigelow, American inventor (b. 1814)
• 1882 – Alfred Escher, Swiss businessman and politician, founded Credit Suisse (b. 1819)
• 1882 – Anthony Trollope, English author (b. 1815)
• 1889 – Jefferson Davis, American general and politician, President of the Confederate States of America (b. 1808)
• 1892 – Werner von Siemens, German businessman, founded the Siemens Company (b. 1816)
• 1913 – Alec Hurley, English music hall singer (b. 1871)
• 1920 – Rosalia Lombardo, Italian pneumonia victim (b. 1918)
• 1921 – Jesse Carleton, American golfer (b. 1862)
• 1921 – Said Halim Pasha, Ottoman statesman (b. 1865)
• 1924 – Gene Stratton-Porter, American author and screenwriter (b. 1863)
• 1934 – Charles Michael, Duke of Mecklenburg (b. 1863)
• 1936 – Leyla Saz, Turkish composer, poet and writer (b. 1850)
• 1949 – Lead Belly, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1888)
• 1951 – Harold Ross, American journalist and publisher, founded The New Yorker (b. 1892)
• 1955 – Honus Wagner, American baseball player and manager (b. 1874)
• 1956 – B. R. Ambedkar, Indian economist and politician, 1st Indian Minister of Justice (b. 1891)
• 1956 – John Geiger, American rower (b. 1873)
• 1961 – Frantz Fanon, Martinique-French psychiatrist and author (b. 1925)
• 1964 – Evert van Linge, Dutch footballer and architect (b. 1895)
• 1964 – Consuelo Vanderbilt, American wife of Charles Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough (b. 1877)
• 1972 – Janet Munro, English actress and singer (b. 1934)
• 1976 – João Goulart, Brazilian lawyer and politician, 24th President of Brazil (b. 1918)
• 1980 – Charles Deutsch, French aerodynamics engineer and automobile maker, co-founder of the brand "DB (b. 1911)
• 1982 – K. Kailasapathy, Sri Lankan journalist and academic (b. 1933)
• 1982 – Jean-Marie Seroney, Kenyan politician (b. 1927)
• 1983 – Lucienne Boyer, French singer and actress (b. 1903)
• 1983 – Gul Khan Nasir, Pakistani poet, historian, and politician (b. 1914)
• 1985 – Burr Tillstrom, American puppeteer (b. 1917)
• 1985 – Burleigh Grimes, American baseball player and manager (b. 1893)
• 1988 – Roy Orbison, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (Traveling Wilburys) (b. 1936)
• 1989 – Frances Bavier, American actress (b. 1902)
• 1989 – Sammy Fain, American pianist and composer (b. 1902)
• 1989 – John Payne, American actor, singer, and producer (b. 1912)
• 1990 – Pavlos Sidiropoulos, Greek singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1948)
• 1990 – Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysian lawyer and politician, 1st Prime Minister of Malaysia (b. 1903)
• 1991 – Mimi Smith, English nurse (b. 1906)
• 1991 – Richard Stone, English economist and statistician, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1913)
• 1992 – Hank Worden, American actor (b. 1901)
• 1993 – Don Ameche, American actor and singer (b. 1908)
• 1994 – Heinz Baas, German footballer and manager (b. 1922)
• 1994 – Gian Maria Volonté, Italian actor (b. 1933)
• 1996 – Pete Rozelle, American businessman (b. 1926)
• 1997 – Willy den Ouden, Dutch swimmer (b. 1918)
• 1998 – César Baldaccini, French sculptor (b. 1921)
• 2000 – Werner Klemperer, German-American actor (b. 1920)
• 2000 – Aziz Mian, Pakistani singer-songwriter and poet (b. 1942)
• 2001 – Peter Blake, New Zealand sailor and environmentalist (b. 1948)
• 2001 – Charles McClendon, American football player and coach (b. 1923)
• 2002 – Philip Berrigan, American priest and activist (b. 1923)
• 2003 – Hans Hotter, German opera singer (b. 1909)
• 2003 – Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio, Guatemalan general and politician, President of Guatemala (b. 1918)
• 2003 – Jerry Tuite, American wrestler (b. 1966)
• 2004 – Raymond Goethals, Belgian footballer and manager (b. 1921)
• 2005 – Charly Gaul, Luxembourger cyclist (b. 1932)
• 2005 – Devan Nair, Malaysian-Singaporean politician, 3rd President of Singapore (b. 1923)
• 2005 – Danny Williams, South African singer (b. 1942)
• 2005 – William P. Yarborough, American general (b. 1912)
• 2006 – John Feeney, New Zealand director and producer (b. 1922)
• 2006 – Betty Moschona, Greek actress and singer (b. 1927)
• 2007 – Katy French, Swiss-Irish model (b. 1983)
• 2010 – Mark Dailey, American-Canadian journalist and actor (b. 1953)
• 2011 – Dobie Gray, American singer-songwriter and producer (b. 1940)
• 2012 – Miguel Abia Biteo Boricó, Equatoguinean engineer and politician, Prime Minister of Equatorial Guinea (b. 1961)
• 2012 – Jan Carew, Guyanese author, poet, and playwright (b. 1920)
• 2012 – Ed Cassidy, American drummer (Spirit and Rising Sons) (b. 1923)
• 2012 – Keitani Graham, Micronesian wrestler (b. 1980)
• 2012 – Jeffrey Koo Sr., Taiwanese banker and businessman (b. 1933)
• 2012 – Huw Lloyd-Langton, English guitarist (Hawkwind and Widowmaker) (b. 1951)
• 2012 – Pedro Vaz, Uruguayan lawyer and politician, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Uruguay (b. 1963)
• 2013 – Jean-Pierre Desthuilliers, French author, poet, and critic (b. 1939)
• 2013 – Tom Krause, Finnish actor and singer (b. 1934)
• 2013 – Stan Tracey, English pianist and composer (b. 1926)
• 2013 – M. K. Turk, American basketball player and coach (b. 1942)
• 2013 – Louis Waldon, American actor (b. 1934)
• 2013 – Kate Williamson, American actress (b. 1931)
• 2014 – Ralph H. Baer, German-American video game designer, created the Magnavox Odyssey (b. 1922)
• 2014 – Jimmy Del Ray, American wrestler and manager (b. 1962)
• 2014 – Adnan Gulshair el Shukrijumah, Saudi Arabian militant (b. 1975)
• 2014 – Fred Hawkins, American golfer (b. 1923)
• 2014 – Luke Somers, English-American photographer and journalist (b. 1981)
• 2014 – Stella Young, Australian comedian and journalist (b. 1982)

Οι πιο ακριβές μπίρες που παρασκευάζονται σήμερα

Οι πιο πολύτιμοι ζύθοι του πλανήτη μας.

Η λογική λέει ότι ο ζύθος αποτελεί ένα από τα ποτά του λαού. Όχι μόνο επειδή κάποιες μπίρες μπορείς να τις βρεις παντού (από την πιο ψαγμένη κάβα της πόλης μέχρι το περίπτερο της γειτονιάς σου) αλλά κι επειδή αποτελούν με διαφορά το πιο προσιτό αλκοολούχο ποτό που κυκλοφορεί ελεύθερο εκεί έξω. Συνήθως... Γιατίυπάρχουν και κάποιες μπίρες τόσο σπάνιες και τόσο ιδιαίτερες που κοστίζουν «λίγο» παραπάνω. Όπως για παράδειγμα αυτές που ακολουθούν:

Samuel Adams Utopias

Ζυθοποιία: Samuel Adams
Χώρα προέλευσης: ΗΠΑ
Περιεκτικότητα σε αλκοόλ: 28%
Τιμή: 150 δολάρια (περίπου 140 ευρώ) / μπουκάλι των 750 ml.

Ο φημισμένος (τουλάχιστον στις ΗΠΑ) παραγωγός μπύρας Samuel Adams παράγει τη συγκεκριμένη μπίρα από το 2002. Ως προς τη γεύση της θυμίζει περισσότερο κάποιο ακριβό σέρι ή,ακόμη καλύτερα, κονιάκ - λεπτομέρεια που οφείλεται και στο γεγονός ότι στην παραγωγή της δεν χρησιμοποιείται διοξείδιο του άνθρακα. Ιδανικά, την απολαμβάνεις σε θερμοκρασία δωματίου.

Να σημειώσουμε ακόμη ότι η Samuel Adams Utopias ωριμάζει για δεκαοχτώ (!) ολόκληρα χρόνια σε βαρέλια που έχουν χρησιμοποιηθεί για την παρασκευή μπράντι, μπέρμπον και φίνου σκοτσέζικου ουίσκι, ενώ κάθε παρτίδα της κυκλοφορεί κάθε δύο χρόνια, σε 15.000 συλλεκτικά και αριθμημένα κεραμικά μπουκάλια.

Schorschbock 57

Ζυθοποιία: Schorsbräu
Χώρα προέλευσης: Γερμανία
Περιεκτικότητα σε αλκοόλ: 57,5%
Τιμή: 275 δολάρια (περίπου 257 ευρώ) / μπουκάλι των 330 ml.

Η μπίρα με την μεγαλύτερη περιεκτικότητα σε αλκοόλ στον κόσμο, σήμερα. Όσοι την έχουν δοκιμάσει την περιγράφουν ως «καπνιστή», «με έντονη τη γεύση των ξηρών καρπών» και (απολύτως φυσιολογικά) «απίστευτα δυνατή».

Αν πάντως θέλεις να τη γευτείς κι εσύ, μάλλον θα ζοριστείς αφού έχοντας παραχθεί το 2011, σήμερα παραμένουν στην κυκλοφορία μόλις 36 μπουκάλια της.

Jacobsen Vintage No. 1

Ζυθοποιία: Carlsberg
Χώρα προέλευσης: Δανία
Περιεκτικότητα σε αλκοόλ: 10,5%
Τιμή: 400 δολάρια (περίπου 375 ευρώ) / μπουκάλι των 375 ml

Η Vintage Νo 1 παρήχθη για πρώτη φορά το 2008 και αποτελεί το πρώτο μέρος μιας τριλογίας vintage συλλεκτικών ζύθων με την υπογραφή της μεγαλύτερης δανέζικης ζυθοποιίας.
Περιέχει 10,5% αλκοόλ ενώ η ωρίμανσή της πραγματοποιείται για έξι μήνες σε χρησιμοποιημένα δρύινα βαρέλια, διαδικασία που της χαρίζει γεύσεις και αρώματα βανίλιας, καπνού, καραμέλας και γλυκού κόκκινου κρασιού.

Αξίζει να αναφερθεί ότι τη διακόσμηση κάθε παρτίδας της έχει αναλάβει κάποιος διάσημος εικαστικός καλλιτέχνης ενώ η παραγωγή της περιορίστηκε στα 600 μπουκάλια, γεγονός που, όπως υποψιάζεσαι, την καθιστά ιδιαίτερα σπάνια.

The End Of History

Ζυθοποιία: Brewdog
Χώρα προέλευσης: Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο (Σκοτία)
Περιεκτικότητα σε αλκοόλ: 55%
Τιμή: 765 δολάρια (περίπου 715 ευρώ) / μπουκάλι των 330 ml

Ίσως η πιο «εκκεντρική» από όλες τις μπίρες που θα βρεις στο παρόν άρθρο, αφού για την παρασκευή της χρησιμοποιούνται τσουκνίδες και καρποί καρποί άρκευθου (σ.σ. πρόκειται για ένα είδος δέντρου που ανήκει στην ίδια οικογένεια με το κυπαρίσσι). Παράλληλα αποτελεί και μια από τις πιο δυνατές, αφού το ποσοστό της σε αλκοόλ αγγίζει το 55%.

Βέβαια, τις εντυπώσεις εδώ δεν κλέβει ούτε ο εξαιρετικά υψηλός αλκοολικός βαθμός της, ούτε η γεύση (που σύμφωνα με όσους την έχουν δοκιμάσει θυμίζει κάτι από μανιτάρια, σάλτσα σόγιας, κρέας, δέρμα και καπνό) αλλά η συσκευασία της: κάθε μπουκάλι της The End Of History κρύβεται μέσα σε ένα ταριχευμένο σκίουρο ή κουνάβι, που βρέθηκε νεκρό σε κάποιο δρόμο του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου...

Antarctic Nail Ale

Ζυθοποιία: Nail Brewing
Χώρα προέλευσης: Αυστραλία
Περιεκτικότητα σε αλκοόλ: 10%
Τιμή: 1850 δολάρια (περίπου 1730 ευρώ) / μπουκάλι των 500 ml

Πίσω από τη συγκεκριμένη μπίρα κρύβεται η μη κερδοσκοπική οργάνωση Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, που έχει ως αποστολή της την προστασία των ωκεανών. Τα μέλη της SSCS κατάφεραν να μεταφέρουν στο Perth της Αυστραλίας ένα κομμάτι πάγου από κάποιο παγόβουνο της Ανταρκτικής, το οποιό αξιοποίησαν στη δημιουργία μιας μικρής ποσότητας εκλεκτού ζύθου, αρκετής για να γεμίσει μόλις τριάντα μπουκάλια. Το καλύτερο όλων; Τα έσοδα από τις πωλήσεις των ultra συλλεκτικών φιαλών χρησιμοποιήθηκαν από την Sea Shepherd Conservation Society υπέρ της προστασίας της θαλάσσιας ζωής του πλανήτη.